Association of food habit with the COVID-19 severity and hospitalization: A cross-sectional study among the recovered individuals in Bangladesh
Sumon Ganguli, Sabbir Howlader, Kamol Dey, Suman Barua, Md. Nazrul Islam, Afroza Begum, Md Md. Abdus Sobahan, Rivu Raj Chakraborty, Mohammad Delwer Hossain Hawlader, Paritosh Kumar Biswas
Nutrition and Health, doi:10.1177/02601060221124068
Background: It was assumed that dietary habits might influence the status of COVID-19 patients. Aim: We aimed at the identification of association of dietary habits with the COVID-19 severity and hospitalization. Methods: It was a retrospective crosssectional study (n = 1025). We used bivariate and multivariate analyses to correlate the association between self-reported dietary patterns and COVID-19 severity and hospitalization. Results: Dietary habits (black tea, milked tea, pickles, black caraway seeds, honey, fish, fruits, vegetables, garlic, onion and turmeric) were identified with lower risk of COVID-19 severity and hospitalization. Interestingly, the consumption frequency (one-, two-or three-times/day) of rice -the staple food in Bangladesh -was not associated with COVID-19 severity and hospitalization for comorbid patients. In contrast, a moderate rice-eating habit (two times/day) was strongly associated with the lower risk of severity and hospitalization for non-comorbid patients. However, for both comorbid and non-comorbid patients, consumption of black tea, milked tea, pickles and honey were associated with a lower likelihood of severity and hospitalization. Overall, a high consumption (three-times/day) of fish, fruits and vegetables, a moderate consumption of garlic, onion and turmeric spices and a daily intake of black/milked tea, and honey were associated with reduced risk of COVID-19 severity and hospitalization. Conclusions: To reduce the severity of COVID-19, a habitual practice of intaking black tea, milked tea, black caraway seeds and honey along with dietary habit (rice, fish and vegetables) and with a moderate consumption of ginger, garlic, onion, mixed aromatic spices (cinnamon + cardamom + cloves) and turmeric might be suggested.
Author contributions
Declaration of Conflicting Interests The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Ethical approval The protocol was approved by the ethics committee, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chattogram, Bangladesh (CVASU/DIR/(R & E)/EC/2020.191/1).
ORCID iDs
Supplemental material Supplemental material for this article is available online.
References
Abdulah, Hassan, Relation of dietary factors with infection and mortality rates of COVID-19 across the world, The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging
Akbar, Gilroy, Aging immunity may exacerbate COVID-19, Science
Alam, Bhuiyan, Emon, Prospects of nutritional interventions in the care of COVID-19 patients, Heliyon
Aman, Masood, How nutrition can help to fight against COVID-19 pandemic, Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences
Andersen, Rambaut, Lipkin, The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2, Nature Medicine
Ayivi, Ibrahim, Colleran, COVID-19: Human immune response and the influence of food ingredients and active compounds, Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease
Açıkalın, Sanlier, Coffee and its effects on the immune system, Trends in Food Science & Technology
Babaei, Nassiri-Asl, Hosseinzadeh, Curcumin (a constituent of turmeric): New treatment option against COVID-19, Food Science & Nutrition
Bain, Wright, Christenson, Rural:Urban inequalities in post 2015 targets and indicators for drinkingwater, Science of The Total Environment
Batiha, Alqarni, Awad, Dairy-Derived and egg white proteins in enhancing immune system against COVID-19, Frontiers in Nutrition
Belaroussi, Roblot, Peiffer-Smadja, Why methodology is important: Coffee as a candidate treatment for COVID-19?, Journal of Clinical Medicine
Bhattacharyya, Sa, Das, Black tea-induced cellular survival: Evidence for reduced toxicity and enhanced immunity in mice under stress, International Journal of Tea Science,
doi:10.20425/ijts.v2i1and2.4587Bousquet, Anto, Iaccarino, Is diet partly responsible for differences in COVID-19 death rates between and within countries?, Clinical and Translational Allergy
Brugliera, Spina, Castellazzi, Nutritional management of COVID-19 patients in a rehabilitation unit, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Butler, Barrientos, The impact of nutrition on COVID-19 susceptibility and long-term consequences, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
Bwire, Coronavirus: Why men are more vulnerable to COVID-19 than women?, Sn Comprehensive Clinical Medicine
Callender, Curran, Bates, The impact of pre-existing comorbidities and therapeutic interventions on COVID-19, Frontiers in Immunology
Carr, Maggini, Vitamin C and Immune Function, Nutrients
Castle, Uyemura, Rafi, Comorbidity is a better predictor of impaired immunity than chronological age in older adults, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
Chakraborty, Roy, Exploration of the diversity and associated health benefits of traditional pickles from the Himalayan and adjacent hilly regions of Indian subcontinent, Journal of Food Science and Technology
Chatterjee, Sarkar, Appraisal of urban-rural disparities in access to health care facilities and exposure to health risk factors: A case study of Durgapur Industrial region
Chen, Liu, Li, Health QR code application in the novel containment strategy and healthcare plan for pregnant women and children under quarantine during the summer outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 delta variant in Chengdu, China: An observational study, Risk Management and Healthcare Policy
Chen, Liu, Zhu, Does where you live matter to your health? Investigating factors that influence the self-rated health of urban and rural Chinese residents: Evidence drawn from Chinese general social survey data, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
Chowdhury, Barooah, Tea bioactive modulate innate immunity: In perception to COVID-19 pandemic, Frontiers in Immunology
Cobre, Surek, Vilhena, Influence of foods and nutrients on COVID-19 recovery: A multivariate analysis of data from 170 countries using a generalized linear model, Clinical Nutrition
Colditz, Willett, Stampfer, Menopause and the risk of coronary heart disease in women, The New England Journal of Medicine
Costeira, Lee, Murray, Estrogen and COVID-19 symptoms: Associations in women from the COVID symptom study, PLOS ONE
Davies, Klepac, Liu, Age-dependent effects in the transmission and control of COVID-19 epidemics, Nature Medicine
Dghs, Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Guidelines
Dodd, Pickles, Nickel, Concerns and motivations about COVID-19 vaccination, The Lancet Infectious Diseases
Fan, Hong, Luo, The effect of whey protein on viral infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin coronavirus in vitro, Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy
Forni, Mantovani, Forni, COVID-19 vaccines: Where we stand and challenges ahead, Cell Death & Differentiation
Forouzanfar, Bazzaz, Hosseinzadeh, Black cumin (Nigella sativa) and its constituent (thymoquinone): A review on antimicrobial effects, Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
Ganguli, Howlader, Dey, Association of comorbidities with the COVID-19 severity and hospitalization: A study among the recovered individuals in Bangladesh, International Journal of Health Sciences
Gasmi, Chirumbolo, Peana, The role of diet and supplementation of natural products in COVID-19 prevention, Biological Trace Element Research
Ghosh, Kaiser, Molla, Molecular and serological characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant in Bangladesh in 2021, Viruses
Girdhar, Kapur, Kumar, Effect of COVID-19 outbreak on urban health and environment, Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health
Grant, Lahore, Mcdonnell, Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths, Nutrients
Hamer, The beneficial effects of tea on immune function and inflammation: A review of evidence from in vitro, animal, and human research, Nutrition Research
Hu, Lou, Meng, Influence of age and gender on the epidemic of COVID-19: Evidence from 177 countries and territories-an exploratory, ecological study, Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift
Huang, Wang, Li, Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan. China, The Lancet
Hull, Loosemore, Schwellnus, Respiratory health in athletes: Facing the COVID-19 challenge, The Lancet Respiratory Medicine
Iddir, Brito, Dingeo, Strengthening the immune system and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress through diet and nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 crisis, Nutrients
Ingram, Maciejewski, Hand, Changes in diet, sleep, and physical activity are associated with differences in negative mood during COVID-19 lockdown, Frontiers in Psychology
Jafarzadeh, Jafarzadeh, Nemati, Therapeutic potential of ginger against COVID-19: Is there enough evidence?, Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences
Jayawardena, Misra, Balanced diet is a major casualty in COVID-19, Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome
Kennedy, Fallowfield, Poole, All coffee types decrease the risk of adverse clinical outcomes in chronic liver disease: A UK biobank study, BMC Public Health
Khubber, Hashemifesharaki, Mohammadi, Garlic (allium sativum L.): A potential unique therapeutic food rich in organosulfur and flavonoid compounds to fight with COVID-19, Nutrition Journal
Kim, Kim, Ra, Clinical characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with mild COVID-19, Clinical Microbiology and Infection
Kim, Rebholz, Hegde, Plant-based diets, pescatarian diets and COVID-19 severity: A population-based case-control study in six countries, BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health,
doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000272Krause, Thomas, Longini, COVID-19 vaccine trials should seek worthwhile efficacy, The Lancet
Kumbhar, Pandya, Manjappa, Carbohydrates-based diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of infectious diseases: Special emphasis on COVID-19, Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications
Kushwaha, Khanna, Rajagopal, Biological attributes of age and gender variations in Indian COVID-19 cases: A retrospective data analysis, Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health
Lai, Chen, Chao, COVID-19 vaccines: Concerns beyond protective efficacy and safety, Expert Review of Vaccines
Lee, Park, Kim, Social and physical environments and self-rated health in urban and rural communities in Korea, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Li, Tenchov, Smoot, A comprehensive review of the global efforts on COVID-19 vaccine development, ACS Central Science
Lidoriki, Frountzas, Schizas, Could nutritional and functional status serve as prognostic factors for COVID-19 in the elderly?, Medical Hypotheses
Liu, Zhang, Mao, Clinical significance of nutritional risk screening for older adult patients with COVID-19, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Maiorino, Bellastella, Longo, Mediterranean Diet and COVID-19: Hypothesizing potential benefits in people with diabetes, Frontiers in Endocrinology
Martinez-Ferran, De La Guía-Galipienso, Sanchis-Gomar, Metabolic impacts of confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic due to modified diet and physical activity habits, Nutrients
Martins-Filho, Tavares, Vs, Factors associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19. A quantitative evidence synthesis of clinical and laboratory data, European Journal of Internal Medicine
Mashhadi, Ghiasvand, Askari, Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: Review of current evidence, International Journal of Preventive Medicine
Merino, Joshi, Nguyen, Diet quality and risk and severity of COVID-19: A prospective cohort study, Gut
Mohamed, El-Nahas, El-Sayed, Ginger extract modulates Pb-induced hepatic oxidative stress and expression of antioxidant gene transcripts in rat liver, Pharmaceutical Biology
Mohsin, Tonmon, Nahrin, Association between smoking and COVID-19 severity: Evidence from Bangladesh, Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare
Moona, Daria, Asaduzzaman, Bangladesh reported delta variant of coronavirus among its citizen: Actionable items to tackle the potential massive third wave, Infection prevention in practice
Moscatelli, Sessa, Valenzano, COVID-19: Role of nutrition and supplementation, Nutrients
Peckham, De Gruijter, Raine, Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission, Nature Communications
Peter, Handbook of Herbs and Spices
Rangchaikul, Venketaraman, SARS-CoV-2 and the immune response in pregnancy with delta variant considerations, Infectious Disease Reports
Richardson, Hirsch, Narasimhan, Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York city area, Journal of American Medical Association
Riva, Curtis, Gauvin, Unravelling the extent of inequalities in health across urban and rural areas: Evidence from a national sample in England, Social Science &Medicine
Salazar-Robles, Kalantar-Zadeh, Badillo, Association between severity of COVID-19 symptoms and habitual food intake in adult outpatients, BMJ Nutrition
Sharif, Rebia, Imran, Nutritional and therapeutic potential of spices
Shi, Wang, Shao, COVID-19 infection: The perspectives on immune responses, Cell Death & Differentiation
Singh, Tripathi, Yasir, Potential inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 and functional food components as nutritional supplement for COVID-19: A review, Plant Foods for Human Nutrition
Tavakol, Ghannadi, Tabesh, Relationship between physical activity, healthy lifestyle and COVID-19 disease severity; a cross-sectional study, Journal of Public Health: From Theory to Practice,
doi:10.1007/s10389-020-01468-9Tbs, Bangladesh braces for third wave as Omicron spreads
Turkmen, Velioglu, Sari, Effect of extraction conditions on measured total polyphenol contents and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of black tea, Molecules
Whittemore, COVID-19 fatalities, latitude, sunlight, and vitamin D, American Journal of Infection Control
Wierzejska, Can coffee consumption lower the risk of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease? A literature review, Archives of Medical Science: AMS
Zbinden-Foncea, Francaux, Deldicque, Does high cardiorespiratory fitness confer some protection against proinflammatory responses after infection by SARS-CoV-2?, Obesity
DOI record:
{
"DOI": "10.1177/02601060221124068",
"ISSN": [
"0260-1060",
"2047-945X"
],
"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601060221124068",
"abstract": "<jats:p> Background: It was assumed that dietary habits might influence the status of COVID-19 patients. Aim: We aimed at the identification of association of dietary habits with the COVID-19 severity and hospitalization. Methods: It was a retrospective cross-sectional study (n = 1025). We used bivariate and multivariate analyses to correlate the association between self-reported dietary patterns and COVID-19 severity and hospitalization. Results: Dietary habits (black tea, milked tea, pickles, black caraway seeds, honey, fish, fruits, vegetables, garlic, onion and turmeric) were identified with lower risk of COVID-19 severity and hospitalization. Interestingly, the consumption frequency (one-, two- or three-times/day) of rice - the staple food in Bangladesh - was not associated with COVID-19 severity and hospitalization for comorbid patients. In contrast, a moderate rice-eating habit (two times/day) was strongly associated with the lower risk of severity and hospitalization for non-comorbid patients. However, for both comorbid and non-comorbid patients, consumption of black tea, milked tea, pickles and honey were associated with a lower likelihood of severity and hospitalization. Overall, a high consumption (three-times/day) of fish, fruits and vegetables, a moderate consumption of garlic, onion and turmeric spices and a daily intake of black/milked tea, and honey were associated with reduced risk of COVID-19 severity and hospitalization. Conclusions: To reduce the severity of COVID-19, a habitual practice of intaking black tea, milked tea, black caraway seeds and honey along with dietary habit (rice, fish and vegetables) and with a moderate consumption of ginger, garlic, onion, mixed aromatic spices (cinnamon + cardamom + cloves) and turmeric might be suggested. </jats:p>",
"alternative-id": [
"10.1177/02601060221124068"
],
"author": [
{
"ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1944-7756",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Biomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh"
},
{
"name": "Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Ganguli",
"given": "Sumon",
"sequence": "first"
},
{
"ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9593-1697",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Howlader",
"given": "Sabbir",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh"
}
],
"family": "Dey",
"given": "Kamol",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh"
}
],
"family": "Barua",
"given": "Suman",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh"
},
{
"name": "School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia"
}
],
"family": "Islam",
"given": "Md. Nazrul",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Statistics, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh"
}
],
"family": "Begum",
"given": "Afroza",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh"
}
],
"family": "Sobahan",
"given": "Md. Abdus",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Surgery, Rangamati Medical College and Hospital, Rangamati, Bangladesh"
}
],
"family": "Chakraborty",
"given": "Rivu Raj",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Public Health, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"
}
],
"family": "Hawlader",
"given": "Mohammad Delwer Hossain",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh"
}
],
"family": "Biswas",
"given": "Paritosh Kumar",
"sequence": "additional"
}
],
"container-title": "Nutrition and Health",
"container-title-short": "Nutr Health",
"content-domain": {
"crossmark-restriction": true,
"domain": [
"journals.sagepub.com"
]
},
"created": {
"date-parts": [
[
2022,
9,
6
]
],
"date-time": "2022-09-06T11:14:51Z",
"timestamp": 1662462891000
},
"deposited": {
"date-parts": [
[
2022,
9,
6
]
],
"date-time": "2022-09-06T11:15:12Z",
"timestamp": 1662462912000
},
"funder": [
{
"award": [
"352/Res/Pln/Pub/Cell/CU/2021"
],
"name": "Research and Publication Cell, University of Chittagong"
}
],
"indexed": {
"date-parts": [
[
2022,
9,
6
]
],
"date-time": "2022-09-06T11:47:10Z",
"timestamp": 1662464830425
},
"is-referenced-by-count": 0,
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2022,
9,
6
]
]
},
"language": "en",
"license": [
{
"URL": "http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license",
"content-version": "tdm",
"delay-in-days": 0,
"start": {
"date-parts": [
[
2022,
9,
6
]
],
"date-time": "2022-09-06T00:00:00Z",
"timestamp": 1662422400000
}
}
],
"link": [
{
"URL": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/02601060221124068",
"content-type": "application/pdf",
"content-version": "vor",
"intended-application": "text-mining"
},
{
"URL": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full-xml/10.1177/02601060221124068",
"content-type": "application/xml",
"content-version": "vor",
"intended-application": "text-mining"
},
{
"URL": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/02601060221124068",
"content-type": "unspecified",
"content-version": "vor",
"intended-application": "similarity-checking"
}
],
"member": "179",
"original-title": [],
"page": "026010602211240",
"prefix": "10.1177",
"published": {
"date-parts": [
[
2022,
9,
6
]
]
},
"published-online": {
"date-parts": [
[
2022,
9,
6
]
]
},
"publisher": "SAGE Publications",
"reference": [
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s12603-020-1512-3",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr1-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.023",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr3-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1126/science.abb0762",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr4-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06285",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr5-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2776",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr6-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr7-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.31989/bchd.v4i6.802",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr8-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/fsn3.1858",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr9-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.007",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr10-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fnut.2021.629440",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr11-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/jcm9113691",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr12-02601060221124068"
},
{
"author": "Bhattacharyya A",
"issue": "2",
"journal-title": "International Journal of Tea Science",
"key": "bibr13-02601060221124068",
"volume": "2",
"year": "2003"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1186/s13601-020-00323-0",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr14-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41430-020-0664-x",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr15-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.040",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr16-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s42399-020-00341-w",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr17-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2020.01991",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr18-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu9111211",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr19-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53512.x",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr20-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s13197-018-3080-7",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr21-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s10708-021-10480-9",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "bibr22-02601060221124068",
"unstructured": "Chatterjee S, Sarkar K (2021) Appraisal of urban–rural disparities in access to health care facilities and exposure to health risk factors: A case study of Durgapur Industrial region, India.2021: 1–18."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1186/s12955-017-0658-0",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr23-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.2147/RMHP.S335803",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr24-02601060221124068"
},
{
"author": "Chowdhury P",
"issue": "1",
"journal-title": "Frontiers in Immunology",
"key": "bibr25-02601060221124068",
"volume": "11",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"author": "Cobre AF",
"first-page": "00157",
"issue": "21",
"journal-title": "Clinical Nutrition",
"key": "bibr26-02601060221124068",
"volume": "0261",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJM198704303161801",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr27-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0257051",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr28-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41591-020-0962-9",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr29-02601060221124068"
},
{
"key": "bibr30-02601060221124068",
"unstructured": "DGHS, MOHFW (2020) Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Guidelines. Available at: https://dghs.gov.bd/index.php/en/home/5376-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-guidelines (accessed 21 January 2022)."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30926-9",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr31-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41392-020-00408-z",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr32-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41418-020-00720-9",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr33-02601060221124068"
},
{
"author": "Forouzanfar F",
"first-page": "929",
"issue": "12",
"journal-title": "Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences",
"key": "bibr34-02601060221124068",
"volume": "17",
"year": "2014"
},
{
"author": "Ganguli S",
"first-page": "30",
"issue": "4",
"journal-title": "International Journal of Health Sciences",
"key": "bibr35-02601060221124068",
"volume": "16",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s12011-021-02623-3",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr36-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/v13112310",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr37-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s11869-020-00944-1",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr38-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu12040988",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr39-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.nutres.2007.05.008",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr40-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00508-021-01816-z",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr41-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr42-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30175-2",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr43-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu12061562",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr44-02601060221124068"
},
{
"author": "Ingram J",
"first-page": "2328",
"journal-title": "Frontiers in Psychology",
"key": "bibr45-02601060221124068",
"volume": "11",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.jtcms.2021.10.001",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr46-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.dsx.2020.07.001",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr47-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1186/s12889-021-10991-7",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr48-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1186/s12937-020-00643-8",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr49-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.040",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr50-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000272",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr51-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31821-3",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr52-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100052",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr53-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100788",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr54-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1080/14760584.2021.1949293",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr55-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijerph121114329",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr56-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1021/acscentsci.1c00120",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr57-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109946",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr58-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41430-020-0659-7",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr59-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fendo.2020.574315",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr60-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu12061549",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr61-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.ejim.2020.04.043",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr62-02601060221124068"
},
{
"author": "Mashhadi NS",
"first-page": "S36",
"issue": "1",
"journal-title": "International Journal of Preventive Medicine",
"key": "bibr63-02601060221124068",
"volume": "4",
"year": "2013"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325353",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr64-02601060221124068"
},
{
"author": "Mohamed OI",
"first-page": "1164",
"issue": "7",
"journal-title": "Pharmaceutical Biology",
"key": "bibr65-02601060221124068",
"volume": "54",
"year": "2015"
},
{
"DOI": "10.2147/JMDH.S317603",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr66-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.infpip.2021.100159",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr67-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu13030976",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr68-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41467-020-19741-6",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr69-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1533/9781845691717",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr70-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/idr13040091",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr71-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1001/jama.2020.6775",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr72-02601060221124068"
},
{
"author": "Riva M",
"first-page": "654",
"issue": "4",
"journal-title": "Social Science &Medicine",
"key": "bibr73-02601060221124068",
"volume": "68",
"year": "2009"
},
{
"author": "Salazar-Robles E",
"first-page": "e000348",
"journal-title": "BMJ Nutrition",
"key": "bibr74-02601060221124068",
"volume": "4",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/B978-0-12-814625-5.00011-X",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr75-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr76-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s11130-020-00861-9",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr77-02601060221124068"
},
{
"author": "Tavakol Z",
"journal-title": "Journal of Public Health: From Theory to Practice",
"key": "bibr78-02601060221124068",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"key": "bibr79-02601060221124068",
"unstructured": "TBS (2022) Bangladesh braces for third wave as Omicron spreads. Available at https://www.tbsnews.net/coronavirus-chronicle/covid-19-bangladesh/bangladesh-braces-third-wave-omicron-spreads-354526 (accessed 3 February 2022)."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/12030484",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr80-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.193",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr81-02601060221124068"
},
{
"key": "bibr82-02601060221124068",
"unstructured": "WHO (2021) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Reports. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports (accessed 11 December 2021)."
},
{
"DOI": "10.5114/aoms.2016.63599",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr83-02601060221124068"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/oby.22849",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "bibr84-02601060221124068"
}
],
"reference-count": 83,
"references-count": 83,
"relation": {},
"resource": {
"primary": {
"URL": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02601060221124068"
}
},
"score": 1,
"short-title": [],
"source": "Crossref",
"subject": [
"Nutrition and Dietetics",
"General Medicine",
"Medicine (miscellaneous)"
],
"subtitle": [],
"title": "Association of food habit with the COVID-19 severity and hospitalization: A cross-sectional study among the recovered individuals in Bangladesh",
"type": "journal-article",
"update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/sage-journals-update-policy"
}
