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c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchChlorpheniramineChlorphenira.. (more..)
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Intranasal Chlorpheniramine for Early Symptomatic Treatment of COVID-19 and the Impact on Long-COVID

Ferrer et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.82736, Apr 2025
43rd treatment shown to reduce risk in December 2022, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 3 studies.
Lower risk for recovery.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,600+ studies for 124 treatments. c19early.org
Review of intranasal chlorpheniramine maleate (iCPM) as a therapy for COVID-19 and long COVID. Authors explore how iCPM combines antihistamine activity via H1 receptor antagonism with bitter taste receptor (T2R) activation to address both acute infection and persistent symptoms. By inhibiting histamine-mediated inflammation and enhancing mucosal immunity, iCPM demonstrates significant potential for reducing viral replication, alleviating respiratory symptoms, and preventing progression to severe disease. Clinical evidence from the ACCROS trials shows that iCPM significantly reduced symptom severity and duration in acute COVID-19 patients compared to placebo, with particular improvements in sensory deficits and upper respiratory symptoms. Additionally, ACCROS III data revealed that none of the participants receiving iCPM reported persistent fatigue or mental confusion, compared to 14.2% and 18.3% in the placebo group. The intranasal delivery method allows for targeted action at the primary site of viral entry while minimizing systemic side effects. Authors propose that iCPM's mechanism of action includes inhibition of viral adsorption, suppression of viral replication, direct virucidal effects, and modulation of inflammatory pathways through NF-κB signaling.
Ferrer et al., 21 Apr 2025, USA, peer-reviewed, 5 authors. Contact: cesar_alas10@hotmail.com.
Intranasal Chlorpheniramine for Early Symptomatic Treatment of COVID-19 and the Impact on Long-COVID
Gustavo Ferrer, Fernando Valerio-Pascua, César Alas-Pineda, Kristhel Gaitán-Zambrano, Dennis J Pavón-Varela
Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.82736
This review explores the therapeutic potential of intranasal chlorpheniramine maleate (iCPM) in managing both acute COVID-19 and Long COVID by integrating histamine H1 receptor antagonism and bitter taste receptor (T2R) activation. Current literature on histamine-mediated inflammation, T2R activation, and the dual-action mechanisms of iCPM were analyzed. Emphasis was placed on its antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and mucosal immunity-enhancing properties. iCPM demonstrates significant efficacy in addressing acute COVID-19 symptoms by inhibiting histamine-mediated inflammatory pathways and reducing cytokine storms. As a T2R agonist, it enhances mucosal immunity through nitric oxide production, mucociliary clearance, and antimicrobial peptide synthesis, reducing viral replication and supporting respiratory health. Additionally, iCPM shows promise in mitigating persistent symptoms of long COVID, including fatigue, brain fog, and respiratory dysfunction, by addressing chronic inflammation and residual viral activity. The integration of H1 receptor antagonism and T2R activation positions iCPM as a novel dual-target therapy for respiratory infections. Its localized delivery and broad mechanism of action make it a promising candidate for managing both the acute and chronic phases of COVID-19. Future research should focus on large-scale clinical trials and personalized approaches based on genetic variations in T2R pathways.
Additional Information Author Contributions All authors have reviewed the final version to be published and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Disclosures Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: Kristhel Gaitán-Zambrano, Dennis J. Pavón-Varela declare(s) employment from Dr. Ferrer Biopharma. Kristhel Gaitán-Zambrano, and Dennis J. Pavón-Varela are affiliated with Dr. Ferrer Biopharma. Their involvement in this research is within their professional capacities at the institution. The study was conducted with scientific integrity, and the conclusions presented are based on an objective analysis of the data. No additional financial incentives, grants, or external funding directly related to this research were received outside of standard employment agreements. Any potential influence on the interpretation of results has been mitigated through adherence to ethical research guidelines and transparency in reporting. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
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Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. IMA and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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