Intranasal Chlorpheniramine for Early Symptomatic Treatment of COVID-19 and the Impact on Long-COVID
Gustavo Ferrer, Fernando Valerio-Pascua, César Alas-Pineda, Kristhel Gaitán-Zambrano, Dennis J Pavón-Varela
Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.82736
This review explores the therapeutic potential of intranasal chlorpheniramine maleate (iCPM) in managing both acute COVID-19 and Long COVID by integrating histamine H1 receptor antagonism and bitter taste receptor (T2R) activation. Current literature on histamine-mediated inflammation, T2R activation, and the dual-action mechanisms of iCPM were analyzed. Emphasis was placed on its antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and mucosal immunity-enhancing properties. iCPM demonstrates significant efficacy in addressing acute COVID-19 symptoms by inhibiting histamine-mediated inflammatory pathways and reducing cytokine storms. As a T2R agonist, it enhances mucosal immunity through nitric oxide production, mucociliary clearance, and antimicrobial peptide synthesis, reducing viral replication and supporting respiratory health. Additionally, iCPM shows promise in mitigating persistent symptoms of long COVID, including fatigue, brain fog, and respiratory dysfunction, by addressing chronic inflammation and residual viral activity. The integration of H1 receptor antagonism and T2R activation positions iCPM as a novel dual-target therapy for respiratory infections. Its localized delivery and broad mechanism of action make it a promising candidate for managing both the acute and chronic phases of COVID-19. Future research should focus on large-scale clinical trials and personalized approaches based on genetic variations in T2R pathways.
Additional Information Author Contributions All authors have reviewed the final version to be published and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data:
Disclosures Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: Kristhel Gaitán-Zambrano, Dennis J. Pavón-Varela declare(s) employment from Dr. Ferrer Biopharma. Kristhel Gaitán-Zambrano, and Dennis J. Pavón-Varela are affiliated with Dr. Ferrer Biopharma. Their involvement in this research is within their professional capacities at the institution. The study was conducted with scientific integrity, and the conclusions presented are based on an objective analysis of the data. No additional financial incentives, grants, or external funding directly related to this research were received outside of standard employment agreements. Any potential influence on the interpretation of results has been mitigated through adherence to ethical research guidelines and transparency in reporting. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
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