Turning up the heat on COVID-19: heat as a therapeutic intervention

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 9, 18]], 'date-time': '2023-09-18T11:49:40Z', 'timestamp': 1695037780340}, 'update-to': [ { 'updated': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 7, 20]], 'date-time': '2020-07-20T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1595203200000}, 'DOI': '10.12688/f1000research.23299.1', 'type': 'new_version', 'label': 'New version'}], 'reference-count': 67, 'publisher': 'F1000 Research Ltd', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 7, 20]], 'date-time': '2020-07-20T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1595203200000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['f1000research.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<ns4:p>Enveloped viruses such as SAR-CoV-2 are sensitive to heat and are destroyed by ' 'temperatures tolerable to humans. All mammals use fever to deal with infections and heat has ' 'been used throughout human history in the form of hot springs, saunas, hammams, steam-rooms, ' 'sweat-lodges, steam inhalations, hot mud and poultices to prevent and treat respiratory ' 'infections and enhance health and wellbeing. This paper reviews the evidence for using heat ' 'to treat and prevent viral infections and discusses potential cellular, physiological and ' 'psychological mechanisms of action. In the initial phase of infection, heat applied to the ' 'upper airways can support the immune system’s first line of defence by supporting ' 'muco-ciliary clearance and inhibiting or deactivating virions where they first lodge. This ' 'may be further enhanced by the inhalation of steam containing essential oils with anti-viral, ' 'mucolytic and anxiolytic properties. Heat applied to the whole body can further support the ' 'immune system’s second line of defence by mimicking fever and activating innate and acquired ' 'immune defences and building physiological resilience. Heat-based treatments also offer ' 'psychological benefits and enhanced mental wellness by focusing attention on positive action, ' "enhancing relaxation and sleep, inducing 'forced-mindfulness', and invoking the power of " 'positive thinking and ‘remembered wellness’. Heat is a cheap, convenient and widely ' 'accessible therapeutic modality and while no clinical protocols exist for using heat to treat ' 'COVID-19, protocols that draw from traditional practices and consider contraindications, ' 'adverse effects and infection control measures could be developed and implemented rapidly and ' 'inexpensively on a wide scale. While there are significant challenges in implementing ' 'heat-based therapies during the current pandemic, these therapies present an opportunity to ' 'integrate natural medicine, conventional medicine and traditional wellness practices, and ' 'support the wellbeing of both patients and medical staff, while building community resilience ' 'and reducing the likelihood and impact of future pandemics.</ns4:p>', 'DOI': '10.12688/f1000research.23299.2', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2020, 7, 20]], 'date-time': '2020-07-20T12:15:07Z', 'timestamp': 1595247307000}, 'page': '292', 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.crossmark-policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 6, 'title': 'Turning up the heat on COVID-19: heat as a therapeutic intervention', 'prefix': '10.12688', 'volume': '9', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5876-6565', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Marc', 'family': 'Cohen', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '2560', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2020, 7, 20]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref-1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '601-611', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.05.007', 'article-title': 'Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review.', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'B Ali', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'Asian Pac J Trop Biomed.'}, { 'key': 'ref-2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '193-199', 'DOI': '10.1146/annurev.med.47.1.193', 'article-title': 'Harnessing the power of the placebo effect and renaming it "remembered ' 'wellness".', 'volume': '47', 'author': 'H Benson', 'year': '1996', 'journal-title': 'Annu Rev Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref-3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '13-24', 'DOI': '10.1111/nyas.12998', 'article-title': 'Mindfulness meditation and the immune system: a systematic review of ' 'randomized controlled trials.', 'volume': '1373', 'author': 'D Black', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'Ann N Y Acad Sci.'}, { 'key': 'ref-4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '699-710', 'DOI': '10.1152/jappl.1999.87.2.699', 'article-title': 'Immune changes in humans during cold exposure: effects of prior heating ' 'and exercise.', 'volume': '87', 'author': 'I Brenner', 'year': '1999', 'journal-title': 'J Appl Physiol (1985).'}, { 'key': 'ref-5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e0161749', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0161749', 'article-title': 'The Effect of Cold Showering on Health and Work: A Randomized ' 'Controlled Trial.', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'G Buijze', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'PLoS One.'}, { 'key': 'ref-6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '734690', 'DOI': '10.1155/2011/734690', 'article-title': 'The Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Viability of ' 'the SARS Coronavirus.', 'volume': '2011', 'author': 'K Chan', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'Adv Virol.'}, { 'key': 'ref-60', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '267-275', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1507-1367(10)60065-X', 'article-title': 'Hyperthermia – description of a method and a review of clinical ' 'applications.', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'A Chicheł', 'year': '2007', 'journal-title': 'Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy.'}, { 'key': 'ref-7', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '501-511', 'DOI': '10.1080/10941665.2016.1276946', 'article-title': 'Indulgence or therapy? 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