Supplementary Data — Chlorhexidine reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta-analysis of 5 studies

@CovidAnalysis, October 2026, Version 5V5 (V1 2023)
c19early.org
October 2026

Chlorhexidine COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Bonn (DB RCT)85%0.15 · 0.01–2.74viral load6 (n)9 (n)Short term viral CT1 Jing (DB RCT)79%0.21 · 0.11–0.39OGD10/12056/140OGD CT1 Jing (DB RCT)97%0.03 · 0.00–0.57severe case0/12015/140CT1 Jing (DB RCT)95%0.05 · 0.00–0.78severe case0/12011/140CT1 Jing (DB RCT)83%0.17 · 0.02–1.34severe case1/1207/140CT1 Sulistyani54%0.46 · 0.29–0.73viral load15 (n)15 (n) Huang (RCT)75%0.25 · 0.19–0.34viral+38/159127/135 Huang (RCT)85%0.15 · 0.09–0.25viral+13/9375/80 Huang (RCT)60%0.40 · 0.29–0.55viral+25/6652/55 Karami (DB RCT)61%0.39 · 0.16–0.97symptoms36 (n)40 (n) Karami (DB RCT)82%0.18 · 0.03–1.20symptoms36 (n)40 (n) Karami (DB RCT)56%0.44 · 0.15–1.27symptoms36 (n)40 (n) Karami (DB RCT)11%0.89 · 0.29–2.70symptoms36 (n)40 (n) Karami (DB RCT)95%0.05 · 0.00–0.97symptoms36 (n)40 (n) Karami (DB RCT)57%0.43 · 0.20–0.91cases7/3618/40
00.511.52+
1 CT: study uses combined treatment
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← Chlorhexidine
reduces riskChlorhexidine
increases risk →
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.