UV and violet light can Neutralize SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity
Mara Biasin, Sergio Strizzi, Andrea Bianco, Alberto Macchi, Olga Utyro, Giovanni Pareschi, Alessia Loffreda, Adalberto Cavalleri, Manuela Lualdi, Daria Trabattoni, Carlo Tacchetti, Davide Mazza, Mario Clerici
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, doi:10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107
We performed an in-depth analysis of the virucidal effect of discrete wavelengths: UV-C (278 nm), UV-B (308 nm), UV-A (366 nm) and violet (405 nm) on SARS-CoV-2. By using a highly infectious titer of SARS-CoV-2 we observed that the violet light-dose resulting in a 2-log viral inactivation is only 10 4 times less efficient than UV-C light. Moreover, by qPCR (quantitative Polymerase chain reaction) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) approach we verified that the viral titer typically found in the sputum of COVID-19 patients can be completely inactivated by the long UV-wavelengths corresponding to UV-A and UV-B solar irradiation. The comparison of the UV action spectrum on SARS-CoV-2 to previous results obtained on other pathogens suggests that RNA viruses might be particularly sensitive to long UV wavelengths. Our data extend previous results showing that SARS-CoV-2 is highly susceptible to UV light and offer an explanation to the reduced incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection seen in the summer season.
References
Barrow, Rich, Vanderwall, Reeves, Rathe et al., Inactivation of Material from SARS-CoV-2-Infected Primary Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures, Methods and Protocols,
doi:10.3390/mps4010007
Besaratinia, Synold, Xi, Pfeifer, G-to-T Transversions and Small Tandem Base Deletions Are the Hallmark of Mutations Induced by Ultraviolet A Radiation in Mammalian Cells, Biochemistry,
doi:10.1021/bi049761v
Bhatta, Nandi, Dutta, Saha, Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a systematic review for potential vaccines, Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics,
doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1865774
Biasin, Bianco, Pareschi, Cavalleri, Cavatorta et al., UV-C irradiation is highly effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 replication, Scientific Reports,
doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85425-w
Bullard, Dust, Funk, Strong, Alexander et al., Predicting Infectious Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 From Diagnostic Samples, Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America,
doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa638
Byun, Heo, Jo, Kim, Kim et al., Is coronavirus disease (COVID-19) seasonal? A critical analysis of empirical and epidemiological studies at global and local scales, Environmental Research,
doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110972
Carleton, Cornetet, Huybers, Meng, Proctor, Global evidence for ultraviolet radiation decreasing COVID-19 growth rates, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
doi:10.1073/pnas.2012370118
Coohill, Sagripanti, Bacterial Inactivation by Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Compared with Sensitivity to 254 nm Radiation, Photochemistry and Photobiology,
doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00586.x
Danon, Brooks-Pollock, Bailey, Keeling, A spatial model of COVID-19 transmission in England and Wales: early spread, peak timing and the impact of seasonality, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,
doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0272
Dumyahn, First, Characterization of Ultraviolet Upper Room Air Disinfection Devices, American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal,
doi:10.1080/00028899908984439
Emilio, Alba, Bernab, Hermosa, Monte, Microbiological Evaluation of the Disinfecting Potential of UV-C and UV-C Plus Ozone Generating Robots, Microorganisms,
doi:10.3390/microorganisms9010172
Erren, Lewis, Morfeld, Factoring in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Seasonality: Experiences From Germany, The Journal of Infectious Diseases,
doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab232
Forni, Mantovani, Forni, Mantovani, Moretta et al., on behalf of the COVID-19 Commission of Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, COVID-19 vaccines: where we stand and challenges ahead, Cell Death & Differentiation,
doi:10.1038/s41418-020-00720-9
Furusawa, Suzuki, Sasaki, Biological and Physical Dosimeters for Monitoring Solar UV-B Light, Journal of Radiation Research,
doi:10.1269/jrr.31.189
Hashimoto, Mawatari, Kinouchi, Akutagawa, Ota et al., Inactivation of MS2 Phage and Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts Using UV-A from High-Intensity Light-Emitting Diode for Water Disinfection, Journal of Water and Environment Technology,
doi:10.2965/jwet.2013.299
Heilingloh, Aufderhorst, Schipper, Dittmer, Witzke et al., Susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 to UV irradiation, American Journal of Infection Control,
doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2020.07.031
Horton, Torres, Narla, Lyons, Kohli et al., Spectrum of virucidal activity from ultraviolet to infrared radiation, Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences,
doi:10.1039/D0PP00221F
Inagaki, Saito, Sugiyama, Okabayashi, Fujimoto, Rapid inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 with Deep-UV LED irradiation, Emerging Microbes and Infections,
doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1796529
Kampf, Todt, Pfaender, Steinmann, Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents, Journal of Hospital Infection,
doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022
Kovalski, Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation handbook: UVGI for air and surface disinfection
Ma, Gundy, Gerba, Sobsey, Linden, UV Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 across the UVC Spectrum: KrCl* Excimer, Mercury-Vapor, and Light-Emitting-Diode (LED) Sources, Applied and Environmental Microbiology,
doi:10.1128/AEM.01532-21
Madronich, Björn, Mckenzie, Solar UV radiation and microbial life in the atmosphere, Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences,
doi:10.1039/C7PP00407A
Mbonimpa, Blatchley, Applegate, Harper, Ultraviolet A and B wavelength-dependent inactivation of viruses and bacteria in the water, Journal of Water and Health,
doi:10.2166/wh.2018.071
Merow, Urban, Seasonality and uncertainty in global COVID-19 growth rates, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
doi:10.1073/pnas.2008590117
Miller, Linnes, Luongo, Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation: Future Directions for Air Disinfection and Building Applications, Photochemistry and Photobiology,
doi:10.1111/php.12080
Minamikawa, Koma, Suzuki, Mizuno, Nagamatsu et al., Quantitative evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 inactivation using a deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode, Scientific Reports,
doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84592-0
Monto, Dejonge, Callear, Bazzi, Capriola et al., Coronavirus Occurrence and Transmission Over 8 Years in the HIVE Cohort of Households in Michigan, The Journal of Infectious Diseases,
doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa161
Neher, Dyrdak, Druelle, Hodcroft, Potential impact of seasonal forcing on a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, Swiss Med Wkly,
doi:10.4414/smw.2020.20224
Nelson, Boehm, Davies-Colley, Dodd, Kohn et al., Sunlightmediated inactivation of health-relevant microorganisms in water: a review of mechanisms and modeling approaches, Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts,
doi:10.1039/C8EM00047F
Nicastro, Sironi, Antonello, Bianco, Biasin et al., Forcing Seasonality of Influenza-like Epidemics with Daily Solar Resonance, IScience,
doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101605
Nicastro, Sironi, Antonello, Bianco, Biasin et al., Solar UV-B/A radiation is highly effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2, Scientific Reports,
doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94417-9
Nishisaka-Nonaka, Mawatari, Yamamoto, Kojima, Shimohata et al., Irradiation by ultraviolet light-emitting diodes inactivates influenza a viruses by inhibiting replication and transcription of viral RNA in host cells, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology,
doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.10.017
Noorimotlagh, Mirzaee, Jaafarzadeh, Maleki, Kalvandi et al., A systematic review of emerging human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak: focus on disinfection methods, environmental survival, and control and prevention strategies, Environmental Science and Pollution Research,
doi:10.1007/s11356-020-11060-z
Pfeifer, Besaratinia, UV wavelength-dependent DNA damage and human non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer, Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences,
doi:10.1039/C1PP05144J
Qiao, Ye, Chang, Thirunarayanan, Wigginton, Nucleic Acid Photolysis by UV254 and the Impact of Virus Encapsidation, Environmental Science and Technology,
doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b02308
Raeiszadeh, Adeli, A Critical Review on Ultraviolet Disinfection Systems against COVID-19 Outbreak: Applicability, Validation, and Safety Considerations, ACS Photonics,
doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01245
Rastogi, Kumar, Tyagi, Sinha, Molecular Mechanisms of Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced DNA Damage and Repair, Journal of Nucleic Acids,
doi:10.4061/2010/592980
Ratnesar-Shumate, Williams, Green, Krause, Holland et al., Simulated Sunlight Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on Surfaces, The Journal of Infectious Diseases,
doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa274
Sagripanti, Lytle, Estimated Inactivation of Coronaviruses by Solar Radiation With Special Reference to COVID-19, Photochemistry and Photobiology,
doi:10.1111/php.13293
Schindelin, Arganda-Carreras, Frise, Kaynig, Longair et al., Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis, Nature Methods,
doi:10.1038/nmeth.2019
Shimoda, Matsuda, Iwasaki, Hayasaka, Efficacy of 265-nm ultraviolet light in inactivating infectious SARS-CoV-2, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology,
doi:10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100050
Sohrabi, Alsafi, O'neill, Khan, Kerwan et al., World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19), International Journal of Surgery,
doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034
Stevenson, Nickbakhsh, Schernhammer, Drivers of Infectious Disease Seasonality : Potential Implications for COVID-19, Journal of Biological Rhythms,
doi:10.1177/0748730420987322
Tsanov, Samacoits, Chouaib, Traboulsi, Gostan et al., smiFISH and FISH-quant -a flexible single RNA detection approach with super-resolution capability, Nucleic Acids Research,
doi:10.1093/nar/gkw784
Weber, Stilianakis, A note on the inactivation of influenza a viruses by solar radiation, relative humidity and temperature, Photochemistry and Photobiology,
doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00416.x
Wong, Woznow, Petrie, Murzello, Muniak et al., Postdischarge decontamination of MRSA, VRE, and Clostridium difficile isolation rooms using 2 commercially available automated ultraviolet-C-emitting devices, American Journal of Infection Control,
doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2015.10.016
Wurtmann, Wolin, RNA under attack: Cellular handling of RNA damage, Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
doi:10.1080/10409230802594043
Zoran, Savastru, Savastru, Tautan, Baschir et al., Exploring the linkage between seasonality of environmental factors and COVID-19 waves in Madrid, Spain, Process Safety and Environmental Protection,
doi:10.1016/j.psep.2021.06.043
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 16]], 'date-time': '2023-03-16T08:11:59Z', 'timestamp': 1678954319614},
'reference-count': 61,
'publisher': 'Elsevier BV',
'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 6, 1]],
'date-time': '2022-06-01T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1654041600000},
'content-version': 'tdm',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/'},
{ 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 12, 31]],
'date-time': '2021-12-31T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1640908800000},
'content-version': 'vor',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}],
'content-domain': {'domain': ['elsevier.com', 'sciencedirect.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': True},
'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2022, 6]]},
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107',
'type': 'journal-article',
'created': {'date-parts': [[2022, 1, 8]], 'date-time': '2022-01-08T03:25:09Z', 'timestamp': 1641612309000},
'page': '100107',
'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/elsevier_cm_policy',
'source': 'Crossref',
'is-referenced-by-count': 6,
'title': 'UV and violet light can Neutralize SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity',
'prefix': '10.1016',
'volume': '10',
'author': [ {'given': 'Mara', 'family': 'Biasin', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Sergio', 'family': 'Strizzi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Andrea', 'family': 'Bianco', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Alberto', 'family': 'Macchi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Olga', 'family': 'Utyro', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Giovanni', 'family': 'Pareschi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Alessia', 'family': 'Loffreda', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Adalberto', 'family': 'Cavalleri', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Manuela', 'family': 'Lualdi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Daria', 'family': 'Trabattoni', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Carlo', 'family': 'Tacchetti', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Davide', 'family': 'Mazza', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Mario', 'family': 'Clerici', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}],
'member': '78',
'reference': [ { 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0001',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '71',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034',
'article-title': 'World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the '
'2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)',
'volume': '76',
'author': 'Sohrabi',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'International Journal of Surgery'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0002',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'M. Bhatta, S. Nandi, S. Dutta, M.K. Saha, Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a '
'systematic review for potential vaccines, Human Vaccines & '
'Immunotherapeutics. (2021) 1–18. 10.1080/21645515.2020.1865774.',
'DOI': '10.1080/21645515.2020.1865774'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0003',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '763',
'DOI': '10.1126/science.abe5938',
'article-title': 'Understanding COVID-19 vaccine efficacy',
'volume': '370',
'author': 'Lipsitch',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Science'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0004',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '626',
'DOI': '10.1038/s41418-020-00720-9',
'article-title': 'COVID-19 vaccines: where we stand and challenges ahead',
'volume': '28',
'author': 'Forni',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Cell Death & Differentiation'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0005',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '246',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022',
'article-title': 'Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their '
'inactivation with biocidal agents',
'volume': '104',
'author': 'Kampf',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Journal of Hospital Infection'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0006',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1',
'DOI': '10.1007/s11356-020-11060-z',
'article-title': 'A systematic review of emerging human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) '
'outbreak: focus on disinfection methods, environmental survival, and '
'control and prevention strategies',
'volume': '28',
'author': 'Noorimotlagh',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Environmental Science and Pollution Research'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0007',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '590',
'DOI': '10.1080/17513758.2020.1788182',
'article-title': 'Optimal control strategies for the transmission risk of COVID-19',
'volume': '14',
'author': 'Lemecha Obsu',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Journal of Biological Dynamics'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0008',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '15',
'DOI': '10.1177/003335491012500105',
'article-title': 'The history of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation for air disinfection',
'volume': '125',
'author': 'Reed',
'year': '2010',
'journal-title': 'Public Health Reports'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0009',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '777',
'DOI': '10.1111/php.12080',
'article-title': 'Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation: Future Directions for Air '
'Disinfection and Building Applications',
'volume': '89',
'author': 'Miller',
'year': '2013',
'journal-title': 'Photochemistry and Photobiology'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0010',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '416',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ajic.2015.10.016',
'article-title': 'Postdischarge decontamination of MRSA, VRE, and Clostridium difficile '
'isolation rooms using 2 commercially available automated '
'ultraviolet-C–emitting devices',
'volume': '44',
'author': 'Wong',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'American Journal of Infection Control'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0011',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '219',
'DOI': '10.1080/00028899908984439',
'article-title': 'Characterization of Ultraviolet Upper Room Air Disinfection Devices',
'volume': '60',
'author': 'Dumyahn',
'year': '1999',
'journal-title': 'American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0012',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '172',
'DOI': '10.3390/microorganisms9010172',
'article-title': 'Microbiological Evaluation of the Disinfecting Potential of UV-C and '
'UV-C Plus Ozone Generating Robots',
'volume': '9',
'author': 'Emilio',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Microorganisms'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0013',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '10408',
'DOI': '10.1021/acs.est.8b02308',
'article-title': 'Nucleic Acid Photolysis by UV254 and the Impact of Virus Encapsidation',
'volume': '52',
'author': 'Qiao',
'year': '2018',
'journal-title': 'Environmental Science and Technology'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0014',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '115',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.011',
'article-title': 'The effects of UV disinfection on drinking water quality in '
'distribution systems',
'volume': '44',
'author': 'Choi',
'year': '2010',
'journal-title': 'Water Research'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0015',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '6260',
'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-021-85425-w',
'article-title': 'UV-C irradiation is highly effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 '
'replication',
'volume': '11',
'author': 'Biasin',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Scientific Reports'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0016',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1744',
'DOI': '10.1080/22221751.2020.1796529',
'article-title': 'Rapid inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 with Deep-UV LED irradiation',
'volume': '9',
'author': 'Inagaki',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Emerging Microbes and Infections'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0017',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1273',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ajic.2020.07.031',
'article-title': 'Susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 to UV irradiation',
'volume': '48',
'author': 'Heilingloh',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'American Journal of Infection Control'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0018',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '2941',
'DOI': '10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01245',
'article-title': 'A Critical Review on Ultraviolet Disinfection Systems against COVID-19 '
'Outbreak: Applicability, Validation, and Safety Considerations',
'volume': '7',
'author': 'Raeiszadeh',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'ACS Photonics'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0019',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1128/AEM.01532-21',
'article-title': 'UV Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 across the UVC Spectrum: KrCl* Excimer, '
'Mercury-Vapor, and Light-Emitting-Diode (LED) Sources',
'volume': '87',
'author': 'Ma',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Applied and Environmental Microbiology'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0020',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '5070',
'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-021-84592-0',
'article-title': 'Quantitative evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 inactivation using a deep '
'ultraviolet light-emitting diode',
'volume': '11',
'author': 'Minamikawa',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Scientific Reports'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0021',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100050',
'article-title': 'Efficacy of 265-nm ultraviolet light in inactivating infectious '
'SARS-CoV-2',
'volume': '7',
'author': 'Shimoda',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0022',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1096',
'DOI': '10.1093/infdis/jiab232',
'article-title': 'Factoring in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Seasonality: Experiences From '
'Germany',
'volume': '224',
'author': 'Erren',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'The Journal of Infectious Diseases'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0023',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100277',
'article-title': 'Comparable seasonal pattern for COVID-19 and flu-like illnesses',
'volume': '13',
'author': 'Hoogeveen',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'One Health.'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0024',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1098/rstb.2020.0272',
'article-title': 'A spatial model of COVID-19 transmission in England and Wales: early '
'spread, peak timing and the impact of seasonality',
'volume': '376',
'author': 'Danon',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0025',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '583',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.psep.2021.06.043',
'article-title': 'Exploring the linkage between seasonality of environmental factors and '
'COVID-19 waves in Madrid, Spain',
'volume': '152',
'author': 'Zoran',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Process Safety and Environmental Protection'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0026',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.envres.2021.110874',
'article-title': 'The role of seasonality in the spread of COVID-19 pandemic',
'volume': '195',
'author': 'Liu',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Environmental Research'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0027',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.envres.2021.110972',
'article-title': 'Is coronavirus disease (COVID-19) seasonal? A critical analysis of '
'empirical and epidemiological studies at global and local scales',
'volume': '196',
'author': 'Byun',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Environmental Research'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0028',
'first-page': 'w20224',
'article-title': 'Potential impact of seasonal forcing on a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic',
'volume': '150',
'author': 'Neher',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Swiss Med Wkly'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0029',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '35',
'DOI': '10.1177/0748730420987322',
'article-title': 'Drivers of Infectious Disease Seasonality\xa0: Potential Implications '
'for COVID-19',
'volume': '36',
'author': 'Stevenson',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Journal of Biological Rhythms'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0030',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '27456',
'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.2008590117',
'article-title': 'Seasonality and uncertainty in global COVID-19 growth rates',
'volume': '117',
'author': 'Merow',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0031',
'first-page': '1089',
'article-title': 'Sunlight-mediated inactivation of health-relevant microorganisms in '
'water: a review of mechanisms and modeling approaches',
'volume': '20',
'author': 'Nelson',
'year': '2018',
'journal-title': 'Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0032',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '214',
'DOI': '10.1093/infdis/jiaa274',
'article-title': 'Simulated Sunlight Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on Surfaces',
'volume': '222',
'author': 'Ratnesar-Shumate',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'The Journal of Infectious Diseases'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0033',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '14244',
'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.79.22.14244-14252.2005',
'article-title': 'Predicted Inactivation of Viruses of Relevance to Biodefense by Solar '
'Radiation',
'volume': '79',
'author': 'Lytle',
'year': '2005',
'journal-title': 'Journal of Virology'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0034',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1601',
'DOI': '10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00416.x',
'article-title': 'A note on the inactivation of influenza a viruses by solar radiation, '
'relative humidity and temperature',
'volume': '84',
'author': 'Weber',
'year': '2008',
'journal-title': 'Photochemistry and Photobiology'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0035',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '14805',
'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-021-94417-9',
'article-title': 'Solar UV-B/A radiation is highly effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2',
'volume': '11',
'author': 'Nicastro',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Scientific Reports'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0036',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.2012370118',
'article-title': 'Global evidence for ultraviolet radiation decreasing COVID-19 growth '
'rates',
'volume': '118',
'author': 'Carleton',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0037',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '7',
'DOI': '10.3390/mps4010007',
'article-title': 'Inactivation of Material from SARS-CoV-2-Infected Primary Airway '
'Epithelial Cell Cultures',
'volume': '4',
'author': 'Barrow',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Methods and Protocols'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0038',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'E. Rensen, S. Pietropaoli, F. Mueller, C. Weber, S. Souquere, P. Isnard, '
'M. Rabant, J.-B. Gibier, E. Simon-Loriere, M.-A. Rameix-Welti, G. '
'Pierron, G. Barba-Spaeth, C. Zimmer, Sensitive visualization of '
'SARS-CoV-2 RNA with CoronaFISH, BioRxiv. (2021) 2021.02.04.429604. '
'10.1101/2021.02.04.429604.',
'DOI': '10.1101/2021.02.04.429604'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0039',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': 'e165',
'DOI': '10.1093/nar/gkw784',
'article-title': 'smiFISH and FISH-quant – a flexible single RNA detection approach with '
'super-resolution capability',
'volume': '44',
'author': 'Tsanov',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'Nucleic Acids Research'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0040',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1463',
'DOI': '10.1093/bioinformatics/btp184',
'article-title': 'Globally optimal stitching of tiled 3D microscopic image acquisitions',
'volume': '25',
'author': 'Preibisch',
'year': '2009',
'journal-title': 'Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0041',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '676',
'DOI': '10.1038/nmeth.2019',
'article-title': 'Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis',
'volume': '9',
'author': 'Schindelin',
'year': '2012',
'journal-title': 'Nature Methods'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0042',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '193',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.10.017',
'article-title': 'Irradiation by ultraviolet light-emitting diodes inactivates influenza '
'a viruses by inhibiting replication and transcription of viral RNA in '
'host cells',
'volume': '189',
'author': 'Nishisaka-Nonaka',
'year': '2018',
'journal-title': 'Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0043',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '2663',
'DOI': '10.1093/cid/ciaa638',
'article-title': 'Predicting Infectious Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 '
'From Diagnostic Samples',
'volume': '71',
'author': 'Bullard',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Clinical Infectious Diseases\xa0: An Official Publication of the '
'Infectious Diseases Society of America'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0044',
'series-title': 'Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation handbook: UVGI for air and surface '
'disinfection',
'author': 'Kovalski',
'year': '2010'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0045',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '796',
'DOI': '10.2166/wh.2018.071',
'article-title': 'Ultraviolet A and B wavelength-dependent inactivation of viruses and '
'bacteria in the water',
'volume': '16',
'author': 'Mbonimpa',
'year': '2018',
'journal-title': 'Journal of Water and Health'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0046',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '299',
'DOI': '10.2965/jwet.2013.299',
'article-title': 'Inactivation of MS2 Phage and Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts Using UV-A '
'from High-Intensity Light-Emitting Diode for Water Disinfection',
'volume': '11',
'author': 'HASHIMOTO',
'year': '2013',
'journal-title': 'Journal of Water and Environment Technology'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0047',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '189',
'DOI': '10.1269/jrr.31.189',
'article-title': 'Biological and Physical Dosimeters for Monitoring Solar UV-B Light',
'volume': '31',
'author': 'Furusawa',
'year': '1990',
'journal-title': 'Journal of Radiation Research'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0048',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1262',
'DOI': '10.1039/D0PP00221F',
'article-title': 'Spectrum of virucidal activity from ultraviolet to infrared radiation',
'volume': '19',
'author': 'Horton',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0049',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1918',
'DOI': '10.1039/C7PP00407A',
'article-title': 'Solar UV radiation and microbial life in the atmosphere',
'volume': '17',
'author': 'Madronich',
'year': '2018',
'journal-title': 'Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0050',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1043',
'DOI': '10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00586.x',
'article-title': 'Bacterial Inactivation by Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Compared with '
'Sensitivity to 254\u2003nm Radiation',
'volume': '85',
'author': 'Coohill',
'year': '2009',
'journal-title': 'Photochemistry and Photobiology'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0051',
'unstructured': 'J. Van Geffen, M. Van Weele, M. Allaart, R. Van der A, TEMIS UV index '
'and UV dose operational data products, version 2. Dataset., 2017. '
'10.21944/temis-uv-oper-v2.'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0052',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '9',
'DOI': '10.1093/infdis/jiaa161',
'article-title': 'Coronavirus Occurrence and Transmission Over 8 Years in the HIVE Cohort '
'of Households in Michigan',
'volume': '222',
'author': 'Monto',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'The Journal of Infectious Diseases'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0053',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '731',
'DOI': '10.1111/php.13293',
'article-title': 'Estimated Inactivation of Coronaviruses by Solar Radiation With Special '
'Reference to COVID-19',
'volume': '96',
'author': 'Sagripanti',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Photochemistry and Photobiology'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0054',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1278',
'DOI': '10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00177.x',
'article-title': 'Inactivation of Influenza Virus by Solar Radiation',
'volume': '83',
'author': 'Sagripanti',
'year': '2007',
'journal-title': 'Photochemistry and Photobiology'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0055',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.isci.2020.101605',
'article-title': 'Forcing Seasonality of Influenza-like Epidemics with Daily Solar '
'Resonance',
'volume': '23',
'author': 'Nicastro',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'IScience'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0056',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '34',
'DOI': '10.1080/10409230802594043',
'article-title': 'RNA under attack: Cellular handling of RNA damage',
'volume': '44',
'author': 'Wurtmann',
'year': '2009',
'journal-title': 'Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0057',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '2320',
'DOI': '10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00228',
'article-title': 'UV Resistance of Nucleosides—An Experimental Approach',
'volume': '4',
'author': 'Winkler',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'ACS Earth and Space Chemistry'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0058',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '90',
'DOI': '10.1039/C1PP05144J',
'article-title': 'UV wavelength-dependent DNA damage and human non-melanoma and melanoma '
'skin cancer',
'volume': '11',
'author': 'Pfeifer',
'year': '2012',
'journal-title': 'Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0059',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.4061/2010/592980',
'article-title': 'Molecular Mechanisms of Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced DNA Damage and '
'Repair',
'volume': '2010',
'author': 'Rastogi',
'year': '2010',
'journal-title': 'Journal of Nucleic Acids'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0060',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '8169',
'DOI': '10.1021/bi049761v',
'article-title': 'G-to-T Transversions and Small Tandem Base Deletions Are the Hallmark '
'of Mutations Induced by Ultraviolet A Radiation in Mammalian Cells',
'volume': '43',
'author': 'Besaratinia',
'year': '2004',
'journal-title': 'Biochemistry'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107_bib0061',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'H. Bernstein, C. Bernstein, Origin of DNA Repair in the RNA World, in: '
'S.-Q. Branch (Ed.), DNA - Damages and Repair Mechanisms, IntechOpen, '
'2021. 10.5772/intechopen.93822.',
'DOI': '10.5772/intechopen.93822'}],
'container-title': 'Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology',
'original-title': [],
'language': 'en',
'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2666469021000920?httpAccept=text/xml',
'content-type': 'text/xml',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'text-mining'},
{ 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2666469021000920?httpAccept=text/plain',
'content-type': 'text/plain',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'text-mining'}],
'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 5, 4]],
'date-time': '2022-05-04T21:31:42Z',
'timestamp': 1651699902000},
'score': 1,
'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2666469021000920'}},
'subtitle': [],
'short-title': [],
'issued': {'date-parts': [[2022, 6]]},
'references-count': 61,
'alternative-id': ['S2666469021000920'],
'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107',
'relation': {},
'ISSN': ['2666-4690'],
'subject': ['General Medicine'],
'container-title-short': 'Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology',
'published': {'date-parts': [[2022, 6]]},
'assertion': [ {'value': 'Elsevier', 'name': 'publisher', 'label': 'This article is maintained by'},
{ 'value': 'UV and violet light can Neutralize SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity',
'name': 'articletitle',
'label': 'Article Title'},
{ 'value': 'Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology',
'name': 'journaltitle',
'label': 'Journal Title'},
{ 'value': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107',
'name': 'articlelink',
'label': 'CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version'},
{'value': 'article', 'name': 'content_type', 'label': 'Content Type'},
{ 'value': '© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.',
'name': 'copyright',
'label': 'Copyright'}],
'article-number': '100107'}