The Effect of Weekly 50,000 IU Vitamin D3 Supplements on the Serum Levels of Selected Cytokines Involved in Cytokine Storm: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Adults with Vitamin D Deficiency

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 2, 28]], 'date-time': '2023-02-28T05:40:00Z', 'timestamp': 1677562800477}, 'reference-count': 61, 'publisher': 'MDPI AG', 'issue': '5', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 2, 27]], 'date-time': '2023-02-27T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1677456000000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'funder': [{'name': 'ASU'}, {'name': 'Amman'}, {'name': 'Jordan'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:p>This research aimed to evaluate the effects of high-dose cholecalciferol (VD3) ' 'supplements (50,000 IU/week) on selected circulating cytokines associated with cytokine ' 'storms in adults with vitamin D deficiency. This clinical trial, based in Jordan, included 50 ' 'participants receiving vitamin D3 supplements (50,000 IU/week) for 8 weeks; the exact number ' 'was assigned to the control group. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), ' 'interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α), and leptin were measured in serum at ' 'baseline and 10 weeks (wash out: 2 weeks). Our results revealed that vitamin D3 ' 'supplementation significantly increased the serum levels of 25OHD, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and ' 'leptin compared with baseline. In contrast, the serum level of TNF-α insignificantly ' 'increased in the group receiving vitamin D3 supplementation. Although the observations of ' 'this trial may refer to a potential negative effect of VD3 supplementation during cytokine ' 'storms, further trials are required to clarify the potential benefits of VD3 supplement ' 'during cytokine storms.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu15051188', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 2, 27]], 'date-time': '2023-02-27T08:29:48Z', 'timestamp': 1677486588000}, 'page': '1188', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'The Effect of Weekly 50,000 IU Vitamin D3 Supplements on the Serum Levels of Selected Cytokines ' 'Involved in Cytokine Storm: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Adults with Vitamin D Deficiency', 'prefix': '10.3390', 'volume': '15', 'author': [ { 'given': 'Dana A.', 'family': 'Bader', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied ' 'Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2828-1011', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Anas', 'family': 'Abed', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of ' 'Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 11931, Jordan'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7568-5441', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Beisan A.', 'family': 'Mohammad', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fakeeh College for ' 'Medical Sciences, Jeddah 21461, Saudi Arabia'}]}, { 'given': 'Ahmad', 'family': 'Aljaberi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutics, Applied ' 'Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan'}]}, { 'given': 'Ahmad', 'family': 'Sundookah', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Applied Science ' 'Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan'}]}, { 'given': 'Maha', 'family': 'Habash', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Michael Sayegh, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aqaba University of ' 'Technology, Aqaba 77110, Jordan'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1324-7884', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Ahmad R.', 'family': 'Alsayed', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied ' 'Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7832-1184', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Mohammad', 'family': 'Abusamak', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department Surgery, School of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied ' 'University, As-Salt 19117, Jordan'}, {'name': 'Amman Eye Clinic, Amman 11931, Jordan'}]}, { 'given': 'Sami', 'family': 'Al-Shakhshir', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Michael Sayegh, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aqaba University of ' 'Technology, Aqaba 77110, Jordan'}]}, { 'given': 'Mahmoud', 'family': 'Abu-Samak', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied ' 'Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan'}]}], 'member': '1968', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 2, 27]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '102567', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102567', 'article-title': 'Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine ' 'and anti-cytokine interventions', 'volume': '19', 'author': 'Jamilloux', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Autoimmun. Rev.'}, { 'key': 'ref_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '19', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.immuni.2020.06.017', 'article-title': 'Cytokine Storms: Understanding COVID-19', 'volume': '53', 'author': 'Mangalmurti', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Immunity'}, { 'key': 'ref_3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1449', 'DOI': '10.1517/14712598.7.9.1449', 'article-title': 'The role of cathelicidin and defensins in pulmonary inflammatory ' 'diseases', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'Herr', 'year': '2007', 'journal-title': 'Expert Opin. Biol. Ther.'}, { 'key': 'ref_4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Grant, W.B., Lahore, H., McDonnell, S.L., Baggerly, C.A., French, C.B., ' 'Aliano, J.L., and Bhattoa, H.P. (2020). Evidence that Vitamin D ' 'Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections ' 'and Deaths. Nutrients, 12.', 'DOI': '10.20944/preprints202003.0235.v2'}, { 'key': 'ref_5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e2019722', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19722', 'article-title': 'Association of vitamin D status and other clinical characteristics with ' 'COVID-19 test results', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'Meltzer', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Netw. Open'}, { 'key': 'ref_6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '225', 'DOI': '10.2147/IJGM.S198175', 'article-title': 'Correlation of selected stress associated factors with vitamin D ' 'deficiency in Jordanian men and women', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'AbuRuz', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Gen. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_7', 'first-page': '25', 'article-title': 'Assessing the effect of omega-3 fatty acid combined with vitamin D3 ' 'versus vitamin D3 alone on estradiol levels: A randomized, ' 'placebo-controlled trial in females with vitamin D deficiency', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Hasoun', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Pharmacol. Adv. Appl.'}, { 'key': 'ref_8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e14779', 'DOI': '10.1111/ijcp.14779', 'article-title': 'The combination of omega-3 fatty acids with high doses of vitamin D3 ' 'elevate A1c levels: A randomized Clinical Trial in people with vitamin ' 'D deficiency', 'volume': '75', 'author': 'Barham', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Clin. Pract.'}, { 'key': 'ref_9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '315', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04261.x', 'article-title': 'An update on vitamin D and human immunity', 'volume': '76', 'author': 'Hewison', 'year': '2012', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Endocrinol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '184', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.breast.2016.06.002', 'article-title': 'Serum vitamin D (25OHD3) levels and the risk of different subtypes of ' 'breast cancer: A nested case-control study', 'volume': '28', 'author': 'Shirazi', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'Breast'}, { 'key': 'ref_11', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '283', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ahj.2013.11.012', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D deficiency and coronary artery disease: A review of the ' 'evidence', 'volume': '167', 'author': 'Kunadian', 'year': '2014', 'journal-title': 'Am. Heart J.'}, { 'key': 'ref_12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '351', 'DOI': '10.1111/cei.13042', 'article-title': 'Respiratory syncytial virus infection influences tight junction ' 'integrity', 'volume': '190', 'author': 'Kast', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Exp. Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1061', 'DOI': '10.1002/ppul.24699', 'article-title': 'Viral strategies predisposing to respiratory bacterial superinfections', 'volume': '55', 'author': 'Rossi', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Pediatr. Pulmonol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_14', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '21', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11154-011-9195-z', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D metabolism and signaling in the immune system', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'White', 'year': '2012', 'journal-title': 'Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord.'}, { 'key': 'ref_15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '4974', 'DOI': '10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.4974', 'article-title': '1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin d3 has a direct effect on naive CD4(+) T ' 'cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells', 'volume': '167', 'author': 'Boonstra', 'year': '2001', 'journal-title': 'J. Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_16', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '5458', 'DOI': '10.4049/jimmunol.0803217', 'article-title': '1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and IL-2 combine to inhibit T cell production ' 'of inflammatory cytokines and promote development of regulatory T cells ' 'expressing CTLA-4 and FoxP3', 'volume': '183', 'author': 'Jeffery', 'year': '2009', 'journal-title': 'J. Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_17', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'i6583', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmj.i6583', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract ' 'infections: Systematic review and meta-analysis of individual ' 'participant data', 'volume': '356', 'author': 'Martineau', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.)'}, { 'key': 'ref_18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '669', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa055218', 'article-title': 'Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures', 'volume': '354', 'author': 'Jackson', 'year': '2006', 'journal-title': 'N. Engl. J. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1911', 'DOI': '10.1210/jc.2011-0385', 'article-title': 'Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An ' 'Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline', 'volume': '96', 'author': 'Holick', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.'}, { 'key': 'ref_20', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '51', 'DOI': '10.4161/derm.24494', 'article-title': 'Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Wacker', 'year': '2013', 'journal-title': 'Derm.-Endocrinol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '78', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jaut.2017.07.007', 'article-title': 'Modulation of inflammatory and immune responses by vitamin D', 'volume': '85', 'author': 'Colotta', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'J. Autoimmun.'}, { 'key': 'ref_22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1080', 'DOI': '10.1017/S0007114511003965', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D status and pain: Analysis from the Health Survey for England ' 'among English adults aged 65 years and over', 'volume': '107', 'author': 'Hirani', 'year': '2012', 'journal-title': 'Br. J. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '363', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.008', 'article-title': 'Is vitamin D a player or not in the pathophysiology of autoimmune ' 'thyroid diseases?', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Villalta', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'Autoimmun. Rev.'}, { 'key': 'ref_24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1508', 'DOI': '10.1373/clinchem.2019.306902', 'article-title': 'Effects of One Year of Vitamin D and Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid ' 'Supplementation on Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation in Older US ' 'Adults', 'volume': '65', 'author': 'Costenbader', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Chem.'}, { 'key': 'ref_25', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '414', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.intimp.2015.06.033', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D supplementation up-regulates IL-6 and IL-17A gene expression ' 'in multiple sclerosis patients', 'volume': '28', 'author': 'Behmanesh', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'Int. Immunopharmacol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '239', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cyto.2018.01.001', 'article-title': 'Reduction of respiratory infections in asthma patients supplemented ' 'with vitamin D is related to increased serum IL-10 and IFNγ levels and ' 'cathelicidin expression', 'volume': '108', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Cytokine'}, { 'key': 'ref_27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '166', 'DOI': '10.3389/fnut.2019.00166', 'article-title': 'Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation and Seasonality on Circulating ' 'Cytokines in Adolescents: Analysis of Data From a Feasibility Trial in ' 'Mongolia', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'Yegorov', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'Front. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_28', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '264', 'DOI': '10.1038/ejcn.2012.217', 'article-title': 'Effects of high-dose cholecalciferol on serum markers of inflammation ' 'and immunity in patients with early chronic kidney disease', 'volume': '67', 'author': 'Alvarez', 'year': '2013', 'journal-title': 'Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1251', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.clnu.2016.04.014', 'article-title': 'Effect of cholecalciferol on vitamin D-regulatory proteins in monocytes ' 'and on inflammatory markers in dialysis patients: A randomized ' 'controlled trial', 'volume': '35', 'author': 'Meireles', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1408', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1523-1755.2002.kid556.x', 'article-title': 'Inflammatory signals associated with hemodialysis', 'volume': '62', 'author': 'Caglar', 'year': '2002', 'journal-title': 'Kidney Int.'}, { 'key': 'ref_31', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1212', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0272-6386(03)00353-6', 'article-title': 'Associations between circulating inflammatory markers and residual ' 'renal function in CRF patients', 'volume': '41', 'author': 'Suliman', 'year': '2003', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off. J. Natl. Kidney Found.'}, { 'key': 'ref_32', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '384', 'DOI': '10.1080/19390211.2019.1600096', 'article-title': 'Randomized Study of the Effect of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Fatty Acids ' 'Cosupplementation as Adjuvant Chemotherapy on Inflammation and ' 'Nutritional Status in Colorectal Cancer Patients', 'volume': '17', 'author': 'Haidari', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Diet. Suppl.'}, { 'key': 'ref_33', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '132', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cyto.2017.08.017', 'article-title': 'Interleukin-6 in irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and ' 'meta-analysis of IL-6 (-G174C) and circulating IL-6 levels', 'volume': '99', 'author': 'Bashashati', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'Cytokine'}, { 'key': 'ref_34', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '132', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cyto.2014.09.012', 'article-title': 'Supplemental vitamin D increases serum cytokines in those with ' 'initially low 25-hydroxyvitamin D: A randomized, double blind, ' 'placebo-controlled study', 'volume': '71', 'author': 'Barker', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'Cytokine'}, { 'key': 'ref_35', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '72', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04315.x', 'article-title': 'Regulation of cytokine responses by seasonality of vitamin D status in ' 'healthy individuals', 'volume': '164', 'author': 'Khoo', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Exp. Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_36', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2163', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00394-015-1089-5', 'article-title': 'The effect of vitamin D supplementation on selected inflammatory ' 'biomarkers in obese and overweight subjects: A systematic review with ' 'meta-analysis', 'volume': '55', 'author': 'Jamka', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'Eur. J. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '305054', 'DOI': '10.1155/2010/305054', 'article-title': 'Vitamin d and serum cytokines in a randomized clinical trial', 'volume': '2010', 'author': 'Yusupov', 'year': '2010', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Endocrinol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_38', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Kubesch, A., Quenstedt, L., Saleh, M., Rüschenbaum, S., Schwarzkopf, K., ' 'Martinez, Y., Welsch, C., Zeuzem, S., Welzel, T.M., and Lange, C.M. ' '(2018). Vitamin D deficiency is associated with hepatic decompensation ' 'and inflammation in patients with liver cirrhosis: A prospective cohort ' 'study. PLoS ONE, 13.', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0207162'}, { 'key': 'ref_39', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '300', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.08.040', 'article-title': 'The study of vitamin D administration effect on CRP and Interleukin-6 ' 'as prognostic biomarkers of ventilator associated pneumonia', 'volume': '44', 'author': 'Miroliaee', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'J. Crit. Care'}, { 'key': 'ref_40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '65', 'DOI': '10.3389/fimmu.2019.00065', 'article-title': 'Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Influenza Vaccine Response and ' 'Immune Functions in Deficient Elderly Persons: A Randomized ' 'Placebo-Controlled Trial', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'Talvas', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'Front. Immunol'}, { 'key': 'ref_41', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '50', 'DOI': '10.3389/fphar.2018.00050', 'article-title': 'The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Signaling Pathway of ' 'Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Hemodialysis: A ' 'Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Nikzad', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Front. Pharm.'}, { 'key': 'ref_42', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '897', 'DOI': '10.1097/GME.0000000000001106', 'article-title': 'Isolated vitamin D supplementation improves the immune-inflammatory ' 'biomarkers in younger postmenopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, ' 'placebo-controlled trial', 'volume': '25', 'author': 'Orsatti', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Menopause.'}, { 'key': 'ref_43', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '628', 'DOI': '10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0449', 'article-title': 'Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Combination with Weight Loss on ' 'Inflammatory Biomarkers in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized ' 'Controlled Trial', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Duggan', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'Cancer Prev. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_44', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e278', 'DOI': '10.1212/NXG.0000000000000278', 'article-title': 'Anti-inflammatory effects of dietary vitamin D(3) in patients with ' 'multiple sclerosis', 'volume': '4', 'author': 'Hashemi', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Neurol. Genet.'}, { 'key': 'ref_45', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '681', 'DOI': '10.1111/apm.12982', 'article-title': 'Effect of single-dose injection of vitamin D on immune cytokines in ' 'ulcerative colitis patients: A randomized placebo-controlled trial', 'volume': '127', 'author': 'Sharifi', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'APMIS Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand.'}, { 'key': 'ref_46', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '139', 'DOI': '10.1097/MOG.0b013e32835004dc', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D supplementation: Guidelines and evidence for subclinical ' 'deficiency', 'volume': '28', 'author': 'Pramyothin', 'year': '2012', 'journal-title': 'Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_47', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '809', 'DOI': '10.1086/654881', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory tract ' 'infection: A randomized, double-blinded trial among young Finnish men', 'volume': '202', 'author': 'Laaksi', 'year': '2010', 'journal-title': 'J. Infect. Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_48', 'unstructured': 'Ross, A.C., Taylor, C.L., Yaktine, A.L., and Del Valle, H.B. (2011). ' 'Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D, National Academies ' 'Press (US), National Academy of Sciences.'}, { 'key': 'ref_49', 'unstructured': 'Sondarwa, K., Buttar, R.S., Hensley, V., and Melamed, M.L. (2018). ' 'Extraskeletal Effects of Vitamin D, Springer.'}, { 'key': 'ref_50', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2160', 'DOI': '10.1210/jc.2013-1185', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D levels for preventing acute coronary syndrome and mortality: ' 'Evidence of a nonlinear association', 'volume': '98', 'author': 'Dror', 'year': '2013', 'journal-title': 'J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.'}, { 'key': 'ref_51', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '38', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.04.002', 'article-title': 'Cytokine storm intervention in the early stages of COVID-19 pneumonia', 'volume': '53', 'author': 'Sun', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Cytokine Growth Factor Rev.'}, { 'key': 'ref_52', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1255', 'DOI': '10.3945/ajcn.2009.29094', 'article-title': 'Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal ' 'influenza A in schoolchildren', 'volume': '91', 'author': 'Urashima', 'year': '2010', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Clin. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_53', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Manion, M., Hullsiek, K.H., Wilson, E.M.P., Rhame, F., Kojic, E., ' 'Gibson, D., Hammer, J., Patel, P., Brooks, J.T., and Baker, J.V. (2017). ' 'Vitamin D deficiency is associated with IL-6 levels and monocyte ' 'activation in HIV-infected persons. PLoS ONE, 12.', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0175517'}, { 'key': 'ref_54', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '3', 'DOI': '10.1038/cmi.2015.74', 'article-title': 'The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of ' 'immunomodulatory therapy', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'Liu', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'Cell. Mol. Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_55', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e40', 'DOI': '10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e40', 'article-title': '1,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D3 and Interleukin-6 Blockade Synergistically ' 'Regulate Rheumatoid Arthritis by Suppressing Interleukin-17 Production ' 'and Osteoclastogenesis', 'volume': '35', 'author': 'Kim', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Korean Med. Sci.'}, { 'key': 'ref_56', 'first-page': '807971', 'article-title': 'Synergy between vitamin D(3) and Toll-like receptor agonists regulates ' 'human dendritic cell response during maturation', 'volume': '2013', 'author': 'Bundgaard', 'year': '2013', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Dev. Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_57', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2130', 'DOI': '10.4049/jimmunol.0901528', 'article-title': 'Loss of CD4+ T cell IL-6R expression during inflammation underlines a ' 'role for IL-6 trans signaling in the local maintenance of Th17 cells', 'volume': '184', 'author': 'Jones', 'year': '2010', 'journal-title': 'J. Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_58', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '3463', 'DOI': '10.4049/jimmunol.175.6.3463', 'article-title': 'Directing transition from innate to acquired immunity: Defining a role ' 'for IL-6', 'volume': '175', 'author': 'Jones', 'year': '2005', 'journal-title': 'J. Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_59', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '3844', 'DOI': '10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3844', 'article-title': 'IL-6 regulates in vivo dendritic cell differentiation through STAT3 ' 'activation', 'volume': '173', 'author': 'Park', 'year': '2004', 'journal-title': 'J. Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_60', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2074', 'DOI': '10.4049/jimmunol.0803345', 'article-title': '1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is an autonomous regulator of the ' 'transcriptional changes leading to a tolerogenic dendritic cell ' 'phenotype', 'volume': '182', 'author': 'Keresztes', 'year': '2009', 'journal-title': 'J. Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_61', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2060', 'DOI': '10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2060', 'article-title': 'Cutting edge: Vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial activity against ' 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on the induction of ' 'cathelicidin', 'volume': '179', 'author': 'Liu', 'year': '2007', 'journal-title': 'J. Immunol.'}], 'container-title': 'Nutrients', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/5/1188/pdf', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 2, 27]], 'date-time': '2023-02-27T09:09:15Z', 'timestamp': 1677488955000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/5/1188'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2023, 2, 27]]}, 'references-count': 61, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '5', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['nu15051188'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15051188', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['2072-6643'], 'subject': ['Food Science', 'Nutrition and Dietetics'], 'container-title-short': 'Nutrients', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2023, 2, 27]]}}