Association of Serum Zinc and Inflammatory Markers with the Severity of COVID-19 Infection in Adult Patients

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.3390/nu15020340", "ISSN": [ "2072-6643" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15020340", "abstract": "<jats:p>COVID-19 infection can spread in the host body without any adequate immune response. Zinc is an essential trace element with strong immunoregulatory and antiviral properties and its deficiency might lead to inflammation and oxidative stress. The aim of the current study was to determine the association of serum zinc and inflammatory markers with the severity of COVID-19 infection. This was a prospective observational study in which 123 COVID-19-positive adult patients and 48 controls were recruited. The initial comparative analysis was conducted between COVID-19 patients and controls. COVID-19-positive patients were further divided into three different groups (mild, moderate, and severe) based on the severity of COVID-19 infection. COVID-19 patients showed significantly lower serum zinc levels (8.8 ± 2.3 µmol/L) compared to healthy controls (11.9 ± 1.8 µmol/L). There was a negative correlation between serum zinc levels and the severity of COVID-19 infection (r = −0.584, p &lt; 0.0001) and this effect was independent of age (r = −0.361, p &lt; 0.0001). Furthermore, inflammatory markers showed a positive correlation with the severity of COVID-19 infection and a negative correlation with the levels of serum zinc. The study demonstrated an association between COVID-19 infection with low serum zinc levels and elevated inflammatory markers. Further studies to assess the significance of this observation are needed, which may justify zinc supplementation to mitigate the severity of COVID-19 infection.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "nu15020340" ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Almasaud", "given": "Abdulaziz Saad", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Chalabi", "given": "Jamal", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Arfaj", "given": "Abdulmajid Al", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2413-6637", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Qarni", "given": "Ali Al", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Alkroud", "given": "Ammar", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Nagoor", "given": "Zuheb", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Akhtar", "given": "Sana", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9021-2271", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Iqbal", "given": "Jahangir", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Nutrients", "container-title-short": "Nutrients", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 1, 11 ] ], "date-time": "2023-01-11T07:59:54Z", "timestamp": 1673423994000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 1, 11 ] ], "date-time": "2023-01-11T08:35:07Z", "timestamp": 1673426107000 }, "funder": [ { "DOI": "10.13039/501100013302", "award": [ "RA20/027/A" ], "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "name": "KAIMRC" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 1, 12 ] ], "date-time": "2023-01-12T07:04:39Z", "timestamp": 1673507079437 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "2", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 1, 10 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "2", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 1 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 1, 10 ] ], "date-time": "2023-01-10T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1673308800000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/2/340/pdf", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "1968", "original-title": [], "page": "340", "prefix": "10.3390", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 1, 10 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 1, 10 ] ] }, "publisher": "MDPI AG", "reference": [ { "article-title": "Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and lung inflammation by Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2): Anti-inflammatory strategies", "author": "Conti", "first-page": "327", "journal-title": "J. 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