Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Monoclonals
Mpro inhibitors
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Quercetin
RdRp inhibitors
TMPRSS2 inh.
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
 
next
study
previous
study
c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchSelect treatment..Select..
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Quercetin Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta
Ivermectin Meta
Thermotherapy Meta
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta

 

Novel receptor, mutation, vaccine, and establishment of coping mode for SARS-CoV-2: current status and future

Zeng et al., Frontiers in Microbiology, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1232453, Aug 2023
https://c19early.org/zeng4.html
Review of receptors, mutations, and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Authors comprehensively analyze the genomic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and multiple pathways through which the virus can enter human cells. Authors trace the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants from Alpha through Omicron, noting increased transmissibility and immune evasion capabilities with each major variant, while observing that Omicron appears to have lower pathogenicity despite higher infectivity.
Zeng et al., 14 Aug 2023, China, peer-reviewed, 13 authors. Contact: zhengkebinzkb@163.com, zwsun@ccmu.edu.cn, zyhazzy@163.com.
Novel receptor, mutation, vaccine, and establishment of coping mode for SARS-CoV-2: current status and future
Zhaomu Zeng, Xiuchao Geng, Xichao Wen, Yueyue Chen, Yixi Zhu, Zishu Dong, Liangchao Hao, Tingting Wang, Jifeng Yang, Ruobing Zhang, Kebin Zheng, Zhiwei Sun, Yuhao Zhang
Frontiers in Microbiology, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1232453
Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its resultant pneumonia in December 2019, the cumulative number of infected people worldwide has exceeded 670 million, with over 6.8 million deaths. Despite the marketing of multiple series of vaccines and the implementation of strict prevention and control measures in many countries, the spread and prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 have not been completely and effectively controlled. The latest research shows that in addition to angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2), dozens of protein molecules, including AXL, can act as host receptors for SARS-CoV-2 infecting human cells, and virus mutation and immune evasion never seem to stop. To sum up, this review summarizes and organizes the latest relevant literature, comprehensively reviews the genome characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 as well as receptor-based pathogenesis (including ACE2 and other new receptors), mutation and immune evasion, vaccine development and other aspects, and proposes a series of prevention and treatment opinions. It is expected to provide a theoretical basis for an in-depth understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 along with a research basis and new ideas for the diagnosis and classification, of COVID-19-related disease and for drug and vaccine research and development.
Author contributions ZZ, XG, and XW were the major contributors to the writing and revision of the manuscript. YC, YXZ, ZD, and LH collected the related references and participated in discussions. TW, JY, and RZ made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work. KZ, ZS, and YHZ approved the final version of the Conflict of interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Publisher's note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
Ai, Wang, He, Zhao, Zhang et al., Antibody evasion of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, and BA.3 sub-lineages, Cell Host Microbe, doi:10.1016/j.chom.2022.05.001
Arya, Kumari, Pandey, Mistry, Bihani et al., Structural insights into SARS-CoV-2 proteins, J. Mol. Biol, doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2020.11.024
Bai, Zhong, Gao, Overview of Sars-CoV-2 genome-encoded proteins, Sci. China Life Sci, doi:10.1007/s11427-021-1964-4
Bansal, Kumar, Mutational cascade of SARS-CoV-2 leading to evolution and emergence of omicron variant, Virus Res, doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198765
Bazargan, Elahi, Esmaeilzadeh, Omicron: Virology, immunopathogenesis, and laboratory diagnosis, J. Gene Med, doi:10.1002/jgm.3435
Bhattacharya, Chatterjee, Sharma, Lee, Chakraborty, Delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2: Current understanding of infection, transmission, immune escape, and mutational landscape, Folia Microbiol, doi:10.1007/s12223-022-01001-3
Bhattarai, Baral, Gerstman, Chapagain, Structural and dynamical differences in the spike protein RBD in the SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 and B.1.351, J. Phys. Chem. B, doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01626
Biskupek, Sieradzan, Czaplewski, Liwo, Lesner et al., Theoretical investigation of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection mechanism and selectivity, Molecules, doi:10.3390/molecules27072080
Bohan, Van Ert, Ruggio, Rogers, Badreddine et al., Phosphatidylserine receptors enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection, PLoS Pathog, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009743
Brinkkemper, Brouwer, Maisonnasse, Grobben, Caniels et al., A third SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccination improves neutralization of variants-of-concern, NPJ Vaccines, doi:10.1038/s41541-021-00411-7
Cantuti-Castelvetri, Ojha, Pedro, Djannatian, Franz et al., Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity, Science, doi:10.1126/science.abd2985
Chalkias, Harper, Vrbicky, Walsh, Essink et al., A bivalent omicron-containing booster vaccine against Covid-19, N. Engl. J. Med, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2208343
Channabasappa, Niranjan, Emran, SARS-CoV-2 variant omicron XBB.1.5:challenges and prospects-correspondence, Int. J. Surg, doi:10.1097/JS9.0000000000000276
Chekol Abebe, Tiruneh, Behaile, Asmamaw Dejenie, Mengie Ayele et al., Mutational pattern, impacts and potential preventive strategies of omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant infection, Infect. Drug Resist, doi:10.2147/idr.S360103
Chen, Cai, Zhao, Han, Xie et al., Safety of global SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, a meta-analysis, Vaccines, doi:10.3390/vaccines10040596
Chen, Chen, Yin, Tao, Zhu et al., The third dose of coronvac vaccination induces broad and potent adaptive immune responses that recognize SARS-CoV-2 delta and omicron variants, Emerg. Microbes Infect, doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2081614
Chen, Fan, Chen, Zhang, Peng et al., Nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infection in human pulmonary cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, doi:10.1073/pnas.2111011118
Chen, Gao, Liu, Li, Chen et al., Advances in research on 3C-like protease (3CLpro) inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 since 2020, RSC Med. Chem, doi:10.1039/d2md00344a
Chen, Should the world collaborate imminently to develop neglected live-attenuated vaccines for COVID-19?, J. Med. Virol, doi:10.1002/jmv.27335
Chen, Tsung-Ning, Huang, Huang, SARS-CoV-2 variantsevolution, spike protein, and vaccines, Biomed. J, doi:10.1016/j.bj.2022.04.006
Clausen, Sandoval, Spliid, Pihl, Perrett et al., SARS-CoV-2 infection depends on cellular heparan sulfate and ACE2, Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.033
Cosar, Karagulleoglu, Unal, Ince, Uncuoglu et al., SARS-CoV-2 mutations and their viral variants, Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.06.001
Czarnecka, Czarnecka, Tronina, Durlik, Molnupiravir outpatient treatment for adults with COVID-19 in a real-world setting-a single center experience, J. Clin. Med
Daly, Simonetti, Klein, Chen, Williamson et al., Neuropilin-1 is a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, Science, doi:10.1126/science.abd3072
De Mello Malta, Amgarten, Val, Cervato, De Azevedo et al., Mass molecular testing for COVID19 using NGS-based technology and a highly scalable workflow, Sci. Rep, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86498-3
Deng, Liang, Chen, Li, Li et al., Viral vector vaccine development and application during the Covid-19 pandemic, Microorganisms, doi:10.3390/microorganisms10071450
Deng, Ma, Liu, Du, Liu et al., Comparison of the effectiveness and safety of heterologous booster doses with homologous booster doses for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, doi:10.3390/ijerph191710752
Dhawan, Sharma, Priyanka, Thakur, Rajkhowa et al., Delta Variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2: Mutations, impact, challenges and possible solutions, Hum. Vaccin. Immunother, doi:10.1080/21645515.2022.2068883
Domingo, De Benito, Alpha variant SARS-CoV-2 infection: How it all starts, EBioMedicine, doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103703
Díaz-Dinamarca, Salazar, Castillo, Manubens, Vasquez et al., Protein-based adjuvants for vaccines as immunomodulators of the innate and adaptive immune response: Current knowledge, challenges, and future opportunities, Pharmaceutics, doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14081671
Evans, Liu, Multifaceted roles of TIM-family proteins in virus-host interactions, Trends Microbiol, doi:10.1016/j.tim.2019.10.004
Faghihi, CD147 as an alternative binding site for the spike protein on the surface of SARS-CoV-2, Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci, doi:10.26355/eurrev_202012_23985
Fang, Liu, Li, Zhang, Song et al., Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development, Signal Transduct. Target Ther, doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00950-y
Fernandes, Inchakalody, Merhi, Mestiri, Taib et al., Emerging COVID-19 variants and their impact on SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, therapeutics and vaccines, Ann. Med, doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2031274
Flisiak, Zarêbska-Michaluk, Rogalska, Kryńska, Kowalska et al., Correction: Real-world experience with molnupiravir during the period of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant dominance, Pharmacol. Rep, doi:10.1007/s43440-022-00419-3
Frolova, Palchevska, Lukash, Dominguez, Britt et al., Acquisition of furin cleavage site and further SARS-CoV-2 evolution change the mechanisms of viral entry, infection spread, and cell signaling, J. Virol, doi:10.1128/jvi.00753-22
Gadanec, Mcsweeney, Qaradakhi, Ali, Zulli et al., Can SARS-CoV-2 virus use multiple receptors to enter host cells?, Int. J. Mol. Sci, doi:10.3390/ijms22030992
Gao, Ding, Dong, Zhang, Kursat Azkur et al., Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: A review, Allergy, doi:10.1111/all.14657
Gao, Mei, Sun, Li, Huang et al., Neuropilin-1-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection in bone marrow-derived macrophages inhibits osteoclast differentiation, Adv. Biol, doi:10.1002/adbi.202200007
Gao, Zhu, Qin, Olieric, Wang et al., Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 Orf9b in complex with human TOM70 suggests unusual virus-host interactions, Nat. Commun, doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23118-8
Ge, Zhang, Zhang, Wang, Structural basis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, doi:10.1097/coh.0000000000000658
Golob, Lugogo, Lauring, Lok, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: A triumph of science and collaboration, JCI Insight, doi:10.1172/jci.insight.149187
Gray, Collie, Goga, Garrett, Champion et al., Effectiveness of Ad26.Cov2.S and Bnt162b2 vaccines against omicron variant in South Africa, N. Engl. J. Med, doi:10.1056/NEJMc2202061
Gu, Cao, Zhang, Gao, Wang et al., Receptome profiling identifies Kremen1 and ASGR1 as alternative functional receptors of SARS-CoV-2, Cell Res, doi:10.1038/s41422-021-00595-6
Guo, Han, Zhang, He, Yu et al., SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant: Epidemiological features, biological characteristics, and clinical significance, Front. Immunol, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.877101
Ha, Huang, Wang, Rangel, Krieken et al., Targeting GRP78 suppresses oncogenic KRAS protein expression and reduces viability of cancer cells bearing various KRAS mutations, Neoplasia, doi:10.1016/j.neo.2022.100837
Hadj Hassine, COVID-19 vaccines and variants of concern: A review, Rev. Med. Virol, doi:10.1002/rmv.2313
Hao, Ma, Li, Wang, Gao et al., Binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to glycans, Sci. Bull, doi:10.1016/j.scib.2021.01.010
Hastert, Hein, Von Rhein, Benz, Husria et al., The SARS-CoV-2 variant omicron is able to escape vaccine-induced humoral immune responses, but is counteracted by booster vaccination, Vaccines, doi:10.3390/vaccines10050794
Heidary, Kaviar, Shirani, Ghanavati, Motahar et al., A comprehensive review of the protein subunit vaccines against COVID-19, Front. Microbiol, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.927306
Hemmati, Hemmati-Dinarvand, Karimzade, Rutkowska, Eskandari et al., Plant-derived VLP: A worthy platform to produce vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, Biotechnol. Lett, doi:10.1007/s10529-021-03211-0
Huang, Han, Yan, Structure-based neutralizing mechanisms for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, Emerg. Microbes Infect, doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2125348
Huang, Pan, Wang, Ren, Tong et al., Lymphocyte integrins mediate entry and dysregulation of T cells by SARS-CoV-2, Signal Transduct, doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01348-0
Jackson, Farzan, Chen, Choe, Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol, doi:10.1038/s41580-021-00418-x
Jacob-Dolan, Barouch, COVID-19 vaccines: Adenoviral vectors, Annu. Rev. Med, doi:10.1146/annurev-med-012621-102252
Jafari, Danesh Pouya, Niknam, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh, Rezaei-Tavirani et al., Current advances and challenges in COVID-19 vaccine development: From conventional vaccines to next-generation vaccine platforms, Mol. Biol. Rep, doi:10.1007/s11033-022-07132-7
Jin, Hou, Li, Zheng, Wang, Mrna vaccine: How to meet the challenge of SARS-CoV-2, Front. Immunol, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.821538
Jocher, Grass, Tschirner, Riepler, Breimann et al., ADAM10 and ADAM17 promote SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and spike protein-mediated lung cell fusion, EMBO Rep, doi:10.15252/embr.202154305
Kaabi, Yang, Zhang, Xu, Liang et al., Immunogenicity and safety of NVSI-06-07 as a heterologous booster after priming with BBIBP-CorV: A phase 2 trial, Signal Transduct. Target Ther, doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00984-2
Kadam, Sukhramani, Bishnoi, Pable, Barvkar, SARS-CoV-2, the pandemic coronavirus: Molecular and structural insights, J. Basic Microbiol, doi:10.1002/jobm.202000537
Khandia, Singhal, Alqahtani, Kamal, El-Shall et al., Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) variant, salient features, high global health concerns and strategies to counter it amid ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, Environ. Res, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.112816
Khobragade, Bhate, Ramaiah, Deshpande, Giri et al., Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the DNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Zycov-D): The interim efficacy results of a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled study in India, Lancet, doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00151-9
Khoshnood, Arshadi, Akrami, Koupaei, Ghahramanpour et al., An overview on inactivated and live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, J. Clin. Lab. Anal, doi:10.1002/jcla.24418
Kralj, Jukič, Commercial SARS-CoV-2 targeted, protease inhibitor focused and protein-protein interaction inhibitor focused molecular libraries for virtual screening and drug design, Int. J. Mol. Sci, doi:10.3390/ijms23010393
Kraynyak, Blackwood, Agnes, Tebas, Giffear et al., SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccine INO-4800 induces durable immune responses capable of being boosted in a phase 1 open-label trial, J. Infect Dis, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiac016
Kueh, Rehospitalization, emergency visits after paxlovid treatment are rare, JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2022.11942
Kuhn, Basnet, Bodakuntla, Alvarez-Brecht, Nichols et al., Direct Cryo-ET observation of platelet deformation induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, Nat. Commun, doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36279-5
Laza, Dragomir, Musta, Lazureanu, Nicolescu et al., Analysis of deaths and favorable developments of patients with SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized in the largest hospital for infectious diseases and pneumo-phthisiology in the West of the Country, Int. J. Gen. Med
Li, Du, Zhan, Li, Xiong, Heterologous mRNA vaccine booster increases neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 omicron BA.2 variant, Signal Transduct. Target Ther, doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01062-3
Li, Wang, Tian, Pang, Yang et al., COVID-19 vaccine development: Milestones, lessons and prospects, Signal Transduct. Target Ther, doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00996-y
Li, Zhang, Yang, Lian, Xie et al., The MERS-CoV receptor DPP4 as a candidate binding target of the SARS-CoV-2 spike, iScience, doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101160
Liang, Wu, Yau, Yin, Lowe et al., SARS-CoV-2 variants, current vaccines and therapeutic implications for COVID-19, Vaccines, doi:10.3390/vaccines10091538
Liao, Liu, Yuan, Wen, Xu et al., Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19, Nat. Med, doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0901-9
Liu, Li, Wang, Cao, Huang et al., Safety and superior immunogenicity of heterologous boosting with an rbd-based SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in Chinese adults, Cell Res, doi:10.1038/s41422-022-00681-3
Loconsole, Sallustio, Centrone, Casulli, Ferrara et al., An autochthonous outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 P.1 variant of concern in Southern Italy, April 2021, Trop. Med. Infect. Dis, doi:10.3390/tropicalmed6030151
Lu, Liu, Zhao, Castro, Laurent-Rolle et al., SARS-CoV-2 exacerbates proinflammatory responses in myeloid cells through C-type lectin receptors and tweety family member 2, Immunity, doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.006
Lv, Wu, Xu, Liu, Immunogenicity and safety of heterologous versus homologous prime-boost schedules with an adenoviral vectored and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: A systematic review, Infect. Dis. Poverty, doi:10.1186/s40249-022-00977-x
Mackenzie, Hareza, Collison, Czapar, Kraft et al., Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with false-negative severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) test results, Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol, doi:10.1017/ice.2021.146
Marzolini, Kuritzkes, Marra, Boyle, Gibbons et al., Recommendations for the management of drug-drug interactions between the COVID-19 antiviral nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (paxlovid) and comedications, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther, doi:10.1002/cpt.2646
Mccann, O'connor, Lambe, Pollard, Viral vector vaccines, Curr. Opin. Immunol, doi:10.1016/j.coi.2022.102210
Mekonnen, Mengist, SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine adjuvants and their signaling pathways, Expert Rev. Vaccines, doi:10.1080/14760584.2021.1991794
Meng, Mao, Ye, Strategies and safety considerations of booster vaccination in COVID-19, Bosn J. Basic Med. Sci, doi:10.17305/bjbms.2021.7082
Mercer, Lee, Saphire, Freeman, SnapShot: Enveloped virus entry, Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.033
Mistry, Barmania, Mellet, Peta, Strydom et al., SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccines, and host immunity, Front. Immunol, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.809244
Mohammad, Abubaker, Al-Mulla, Structural modelling of SARS-CoV-2 alpha variant (B.1.1.7) suggests enhanced furin binding and infectivity, Virus Res, doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198522
Muecksch, Wang, Cho, Gaebler, Ben Tanfous et al., Increased memory B cell potency and breadth after a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA boost, Nature, doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04778-y
Naseri, Aliashrafzadeh, Otadi, Ebrahimzadeh, Badfar et al., Human responses in public health emergencies for infectious disease control: An overview of controlled topologies for biomedical applications, Contrast Media Mol. Imaging, doi:10.1155/2022/6324462
Nassar, Ibrahim, Amin, Magdy, Elgharib et al., A review of human coronaviruses' receptors: The host-cell targets for the crown bearing viruses, Molecules, doi:10.3390/molecules26216455
Nguyen, Quach, Tran, Phuoc, Nguyen et al., Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of heterologous prime-boost immunization with COVID-19 vaccine, Biomed. Pharmacother, doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112650
Noori, Nejadghaderi, Arshi, Carson-Chahhoud, Ansarin et al., Potency of BNT162B2 and mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 variants of concern: A systematic review of in Vitro studies, Rev. Med. Virol, doi:10.1002/rmv.2277
Okamura, Ebina, Could live attenuated vaccines better control COVID-19?, Vaccine, doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.018
Ou, Mou, Zhang, Ojha, Choe et al., Hydroxychloroquine-mediated inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry is attenuated by TMPRSS2, PLoS Pathog, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009212
Pandey, Ozberk, Eskandari, Shalash, Joyce et al., Antibodies to neutralising epitopes synergistically block the interaction of the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE 2, Clin. Transl. Immunol, doi:10.1002/cti2.1260
Pellegrino, Chiappini, Licari, Galli, Marseglia, Prevalence and clinical presentation of long COVID in children: A systematic review, Eur. J. Pediatr, doi:10.1007/s00431-022-04600-x
Peters, Bastidas, Kokron, Henze, Transformations, lineage comparisons, and analysis of down-to-up protomer states of variants of the SARS-CoV-2 prefusion spike protein, including the UK variant B.1.1.7, Microbiol. Spectr, doi:10.1128/Spectrum.00030-21
Powers, Sahoo, SR-B1's next top model: Structural perspectives on the functions of the HDL receptor, Curr. Atheroscler. Rep, doi:10.1007/s11883-022-01001-1
Qi, Qian, Zhang, Zhang, Single cell RNA sequencing of 13 human tissues identify cell types and receptors of human coronaviruses, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.044
Qu, Yi, Shen, Lin, Chen et al., Circular RNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants, Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.044
Quer, Colomer-Castell, Campos, Andrés, Piñana et al., Next-generation sequencing for confronting virus pandemics, Viruses, doi:10.3390/v14030600
Rahnavard, Dawson, Clement, Stearrett, Pérez-Losada et al., Epidemiological associations with genomic variation in SARS-CoV-2, Sci. Rep, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02548-w
Rai, Kumar, Deekshit, Karunasagar, Karunasagar, Detection technologies and recent developments in the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, doi:10.1007/s00253-020-11061-5
Rajah, Bernier, Buchrieser, Schwartz, The mechanism and consequences of SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated fusion and syncytia formation, J. Mol. Biol, doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167280
Rajpal, Sharma, Kumar, Chand, Joshi et al., Is Omicron mild"? Testing this narrative with the mutational landscape of its three lineages and response to existing vaccines and therapeutic antibodies, J. Med. Virol, doi:10.1002/jmv.27749
Rakhmat, Kusmala, Handayani, Juliastuti, Nawangsih et al., Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression, Diabetes Metab. Syndr, doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.027
Raman, Patel, Ranjan, COVID-19: Unmasking emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccines and therapeutic strategies, Biomolecules, doi:10.3390/biom11070993
Rana, Kant, Huirem, Bohra, Ganguly, Omicron variant: Current insights and future directions, Microbiol. Res, doi:10.1016/j.micres.2022.127204
Salehi-Vaziri, Fazlalipour, Seyed Khorrami, Azadmanesh, Pouriayevali et al., The ins and outs of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), Arch. Virol, doi:10.1007/s00705-022-05365-2
Sapkota, Saud, Shrestha, Al-Fahad, Sah et al., Heterologous prime-boost strategies for COVID-19 vaccines, J. Travel Med, doi:10.1093/jtm/taab191
Sargsyan, Mazmanian, Lim, A strategy for evaluating potential antiviral resistance to small molecule drugs and application to SARS-CoV-2, Sci. Rep, doi:10.1038/s41598-023-27649-6
Schuit, Biryukov, Beck, Yolitz, Bohannon et al., The stability of an isolate of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage in aerosols is similar to 3 earlier isolates, J. Infect. Dis, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab171
Scialo, Daniele, Amato, Pastore, Matera et al., ACE2: The major cell entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, Lung, doi:10.1007/s00408-020-00408-4
Seyran, Takayama, Uversky, Lundstrom, Palù et al., The structural basis of accelerated host cell entry by SARS-CoV-2 †, FEBS J, doi:10.1111/febs.15651
Shin, Toyoda, Fukuhara, Shimomura, GRP78, a novel host factor for SARS-CoV-2: The emerging roles in COVID-19 related to metabolic risk factors, Biomedicines, doi:10.3390/biomedicines10081995
Singhal, The emergence of omicron: Challenging times are here again! Indian, J. Pediatr, doi:10.1007/s12098-022-04077-4
Sutton, Radniecki, Kaya, Alegre, Geniza et al., Detection of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 (Beta) variant through wastewater surveillance, Frontiers in Microbiology
Szabó, Mahiny, Vlatkovic, COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Platforms and current developments, Mol. Ther, doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.02.016
Tallei, Alhumaid, Almusa, Fatimawali, Kusumawaty et al., Update on the omicron sub-variants BA.4 and BA.5, Rev. Med. Virol, doi:10.1002/rmv.2391
Tang, Yang, Duan, Liao, Liu et al., Transferrin receptor is another receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry, bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.23.350348
Tariq, Batool, Asif, Ali, Abbasi, Virus-like particles: Revolutionary platforms for developing vaccines against emerging infectious diseases, Front. Microbiol, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.790121
Tarke, Coelho, Zhang, Dan, Yu et al., SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induces immunological T cell memory able to cross-recognize variants from alpha to omicron, Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.015
Thakur, Ratho, Omicron (B.1.1.529): A new SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern mounting worldwide fear, J. Med. Virol, doi:10.1002/jmv.27541
Thiagarajan, Covid-19: WHO suspends supplies of India's covaxin through UN agencies, BMJ, doi:10.1136/bmj.o902
Tian, Sun, Xu, Ye, The emergence and epidemic characteristics of the highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant, J. Med. Virol, doi:10.1002/jmv.27643
Tiecco, Storti, Arsuffi, Degli Antoni, Focà et al., Omicron Ba.2 lineage, the "stealth" variant: Is it truly a silent epidemic? A literature review, Int. J. Mol. Sci, doi:10.3390/ijms23137315
Tioni, Jordan, Pena, Garg, Wu et al., Mucosal administration of a live attenuated recombinant COVID-19 vaccine protects nonhuman primates from SARS-CoV-2, NPJ Vaccines, doi:10.1038/s41541-022-00509-6
Trunfio, Portesani, Vicinanza, Nespoli, Traverso et al., Real-Life evidence of lower lung virulence in COVID-19 inpatients infected with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant compared to wild-type and delta SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, Lung, doi:10.1007/s00408-022-00566-7
Velavan, Ntoumi, Kremsner, Lee, Meyer, Emergence and geographic dominance of omicron subvariants XBB/XBB.1.5 and BF.7-the public health challenges, Int. J. Infect. Dis, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2023.01.024
Vogel, What to know about omicron XBB.1.5, CMAJ, doi:10.1503/cmaj.1096034
Walls, Park, Aletortorici, Wall, Mcguire et al., Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058
Wang, Chen, Zhou, Lian, Zhang et al., SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells via a novel route: CD147-spike protein, bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.03.14.988345
Wang, Qiu, Hou, Deng, Xu et al., AXL is a candidate receptor for SARS-CoV-2 that promotes infection of pulmonary and bronchial epithelial cells, Cell Res, doi:10.1038/s41422-020-00460-y
Wang, Rcheulishvili, Cai, Liu, Xie et al., Development of DNA vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2, Viruses, doi:10.3390/v14051049
Wang, Xiang, Hu, Ji, Wang, Research progress in laboratory detection of SARS-CoV-2, Ir. J. Med. Sci, doi:10.1007/s11845-021-02604-4
Wang, Yang, Song, Coleman, Stawowczyk et al., Scalable live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate demonstrates preclinical safety and efficacy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, doi:10.1073/pnas.2102775118
Wang, Yang, Wang, Wen, Shuai et al., SARS-CoV-2 uses metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 as an internalization factor to infect cells, Cell Discov, doi:10.1038/s41421-021-00357-z
Wang, Zhang, Lu, Xu, Peng et al., Low toxicity and high immunogenicity of an inactivated vaccine candidate against COVID-19 in different animal models, Emerg. Microbes Infect, doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1852059
Wei, Wan, Yan, Wang, Zhang et al., HDLscavenger receptor B type 1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 entry, Nat. Metab, doi:10.1038/s42255-020-00324-0
Wilhelm, Toptan, Pallas, Wolf, Goetsch et al., Antibody-mediated neutralization of authentic SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 variants harboring L452r and T478k/E484q, doi:10.3390/v13091693
Wrapp, Wang, Corbett, Goldsmith, Hsieh et al., Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation, Science, doi:10.1126/science.abb2507
Wu, Chen, Qin, Huo, Liang et al., CD147 contributes to SARS-CoV-2-induced pulmonary fibrosis, Nature, doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01230-5
Wysocki, Lores, Ye, Soler, Batlle, Kidney and lung ACE2 expression after an ACE inhibitor or an Ang II receptor blocker: Implications for COVID-19, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol, doi:10.1681/ASN.2020050667
Xia, Lan, Su, Wang, Xu et al., The role of furin cleavage site in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated membrane fusion in the presence or absence of trypsin, Signal Transduct. Target Ther, doi:10.1038/s41392-020-0184-0
Xu, Wang, Zhao, Huang, Fan et al., IFITM3 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection and is associated with COVID-19 susceptibility, Viruses, doi:10.3390/v14112553
Yadav, Chaudhary, Jain, Chaudhary, Khanra et al., Role of structural and non-structural proteins and therapeutic targets of SARS-CoV-2 for COVID-19, Cells, doi:10.3390/cells10040821
Yadav, Sarkale, Razdan, Gupta, Nyayanit et al., Isolation and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 beta variant from UAE travelers, J. Infect. Public Health, doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2021.12.011
Yan, Zhang, Li, Xia, Guo et al., Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2, Science, doi:10.1126/science.abb2762
Yang, Rao, Structural biology of SARS-CoV-2 and implications for therapeutic development, Nat. Rev. Microbiol, doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00630-8
Yang, Zhang, Zeng, Chen, Chen et al., Kidney injury molecule-1 is a potential receptor for SARS-CoV-2, J. Mol. Cell. Biol, doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjab003
Yi, Kim, Choe, Hong, Choi et al., SARS-CoV-2 delta variant breakthrough infection and onward secondary transmission in household, J. Korean Med. Sci, doi:10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e12
Yoshimoto, A biochemical perspective of the nonstructural proteins (NSPs) and the spike protein of SARS CoV-2, Protein J, doi:10.1007/s10930-021-09967-8
Yépez, Marcano-Ruiz, Bezerra, Fam, Ximenez et al., Evolutionary history of the SARS-CoV-2 gamma variant of concern (P.1): A perfect storm, Genet. Mol. Biol, doi:10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0309
Zeng, Gao, Zhou, Yu, Sun, Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: A systematic review and meta-analysis, BMC Med, doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02397-y
Zhan, Yin, Yin, B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2: Features, transmission and potential strategies, Int. J. Biol. Sci, doi:10.7150/ijbs.66881
Zhao, Kuang, Li, Zhu, Jia et al., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with and activates TLR4, Cell Res, doi:10.1038/s41422-021-00501-0
Zhou, Møhlenberg, Thakor, Tuli, Wang et al., Sensitivity to vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and viral entry inhibitors and advances to counter the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant, Clin. Microbiol. Rev, doi:10.1128/cmr.00014-22
DOI record: { "DOI": "10.3389/fmicb.2023.1232453", "ISSN": [ "1664-302X" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1232453", "abstract": "<jats:p>Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its resultant pneumonia in December 2019, the cumulative number of infected people worldwide has exceeded 670 million, with over 6.8 million deaths. Despite the marketing of multiple series of vaccines and the implementation of strict prevention and control measures in many countries, the spread and prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 have not been completely and effectively controlled. The latest research shows that in addition to angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2), dozens of protein molecules, including AXL, can act as host receptors for SARS-CoV-2 infecting human cells, and virus mutation and immune evasion never seem to stop. To sum up, this review summarizes and organizes the latest relevant literature, comprehensively reviews the genome characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 as well as receptor-based pathogenesis (including ACE2 and other new receptors), mutation and immune evasion, vaccine development and other aspects, and proposes a series of prevention and treatment opinions. It is expected to provide a theoretical basis for an in-depth understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 along with a research basis and new ideas for the diagnosis and classification, of COVID-19-related disease and for drug and vaccine research and development.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "10.3389/fmicb.2023.1232453" ], "article-number": "1232453", "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Zeng", "given": "Zhaomu", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Geng", "given": "Xiuchao", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Wen", "given": "Xichao", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Chen", "given": "Yueyue", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Zhu", "given": "Yixi", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Dong", "given": "Zishu", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Hao", "given": "Liangchao", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Wang", "given": "Tingting", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Yang", "given": "Jifeng", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Zhang", "given": "Ruobing", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Zheng", "given": "Kebin", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Sun", "given": "Zhiwei", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Zhang", "given": "Yuhao", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Frontiers in Microbiology", "container-title-short": "Front. Microbiol.", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": true, "domain": [ "frontiersin.org" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 8, 14 ] ], "date-time": "2023-08-14T16:38:00Z", "timestamp": 1692031080000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 8, 14 ] ], "date-time": "2023-08-14T16:38:09Z", "timestamp": 1692031089000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 7, 30 ] ], "date-time": "2025-07-30T16:07:25Z", "timestamp": 1753891645778, "version": "3.41.2" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 6, "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 8, 14 ] ] }, "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 8, 14 ] ], "date-time": "2023-08-14T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1691971200000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1232453/full", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "1965", "original-title": [], "prefix": "10.3389", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 8, 14 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 8, 14 ] ] }, "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1016/j.chom.2022.05.001", "article-title": "Antibody evasion of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, and BA.3 sub-lineages.", "author": "Ai", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1077", "journal-title": "Cell Host Microbe", "key": "B1", "volume": "30", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41392-022-00984-2", "article-title": "Immunogenicity and safety of NVSI-06-07 as a heterologous booster after priming with BBIBP-CorV: A phase 2 trial.", "author": "Al Kaabi", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Signal Transduct. Target Ther.", "key": "B2", "volume": "7", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jmb.2020.11.024", "article-title": "Structural insights into SARS-CoV-2 proteins.", "author": "Arya", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "J. Mol. Biol.", "key": "B3", "volume": "433", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s11427-021-1964-4", "article-title": "Overview of Sars-CoV-2 genome-encoded proteins.", "author": "Bai", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "280", "journal-title": "Sci. China Life Sci.", "key": "B4", "volume": "65", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198765", "article-title": "Mutational cascade of SARS-CoV-2 leading to evolution and emergence of omicron variant.", "author": "Bansal", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Virus Res.", "key": "B5", "volume": "315", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jgm.3435", "article-title": "Omicron: Virology, immunopathogenesis, and laboratory diagnosis.", "author": "Bazargan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "J. Gene Med.", "key": "B6", "volume": "24", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s12223-022-01001-3", "article-title": "Delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2: Current understanding of infection, transmission, immune escape, and mutational landscape.", "author": "Bhattacharya", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "17", "journal-title": "Folia Microbiol.", "key": "B7", "volume": "68", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01626", "article-title": "Structural and dynamical differences in the spike protein RBD in the SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 and B.1.351.", "author": "Bhattarai", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "7101", "journal-title": "J. Phys. Chem. B", "key": "B8", "volume": "125", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/molecules27072080", "article-title": "Theoretical investigation of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection mechanism and selectivity.", "author": "Biskupek", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Molecules", "key": "B9", "volume": "27", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.ppat.1009743", "article-title": "Phosphatidylserine receptors enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "author": "Bohan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "PLoS Pathog.", "key": "B10", "volume": "17", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41541-021-00411-7", "article-title": "A third SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccination improves neutralization of variants-of-concern.", "author": "Brinkkemper", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "NPJ Vaccines", "key": "B11", "volume": "6", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1126/science.abd2985", "article-title": "Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity.", "author": "Cantuti-Castelvetri", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "856", "journal-title": "Science", "key": "B12", "volume": "370", "year": "2020" }, { "journal-title": "Nowcast estimates in United States for 3/12/2023-3/18/2023.", "key": "B13", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2208343", "article-title": "A bivalent omicron-containing booster vaccine against Covid-19.", "author": "Chalkias", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1279", "journal-title": "N. Engl. J. Med.", "key": "B14", "volume": "387", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1097/JS9.0000000000000276", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 variant omicron XBB.1.5:challenges and prospects-correspondence.", "author": "Channabasappa", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1054", "journal-title": "Int. J. Surg.", "key": "B15", "volume": "109", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.2147/idr.S360103", "article-title": "Mutational pattern, impacts and potential preventive strategies of omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant infection.", "author": "Chekol Abebe", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1871", "journal-title": "Infect. Drug Resist.", "key": "B16", "volume": "15", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.27335", "article-title": "Should the world collaborate imminently to develop neglected live-attenuated vaccines for COVID-19?", "author": "Chen", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "82", "journal-title": "J. Med. Virol.", "key": "B17", "volume": "94", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.2111011118", "article-title": "Nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infection in human pulmonary cells.", "author": "Chen", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.", "key": "B18", "volume": "118", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.bj.2022.04.006", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 variants - evolution, spike protein, and vaccines.", "author": "Chen", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "573", "journal-title": "Biomed. J.", "key": "B19", "volume": "45", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/vaccines10040596", "article-title": "Safety of global SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, a meta-analysis.", "author": "Chen", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Vaccines", "key": "B20", "volume": "10", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1039/d2md00344a", "article-title": "Advances in research on 3C-like protease (3CLpro) inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 since 2020.", "author": "Chen", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "9", "journal-title": "RSC Med. Chem.", "key": "B21", "volume": "14", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/22221751.2022.2081614", "article-title": "The third dose of coronvac vaccination induces broad and potent adaptive immune responses that recognize SARS-CoV-2 delta and omicron variants.", "author": "Chen", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1524", "journal-title": "Emerg. Microbes Infect.", "key": "B22", "volume": "11", "year": "2022" }, { "journal-title": "Prevention and control of COVID-19.", "key": "B23", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.033", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 infection depends on cellular heparan sulfate and ACE2.", "author": "Clausen", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1043", "journal-title": "Cell", "key": "B24", "volume": "183", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.06.001", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 mutations and their viral variants.", "author": "Cosar", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "10", "journal-title": "Cytokine Growth Factor Rev.", "key": "B25", "volume": "63", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/jcm11216464", "article-title": "Molnupiravir outpatient treatment for adults with COVID-19 in a real-world setting-a single center experience.", "author": "Czarnecka", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "J. Clin. Med.", "key": "B26", "volume": "11", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1126/science.abd3072", "article-title": "Neuropilin-1 is a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "author": "Daly", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "861", "journal-title": "Science", "key": "B27", "volume": "370", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41598-021-86498-3", "article-title": "Mass molecular testing for COVID19 using NGS-based technology and a highly scalable workflow.", "author": "de Mello Malta", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Sci. Rep.", "key": "B28", "volume": "11", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ijerph191710752", "article-title": "Comparison of the effectiveness and safety of heterologous booster doses with homologous booster doses for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "author": "Deng", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health", "key": "B29", "volume": "19", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/microorganisms10071450", "article-title": "Viral vector vaccine development and application during the Covid-19 pandemic.", "author": "Deng", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Microorganisms", "key": "B30", "volume": "10", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/21645515.2022.2068883", "article-title": "Delta Variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2: Mutations, impact, challenges and possible solutions.", "author": "Dhawan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Hum. Vaccin. Immunother.", "key": "B31", "volume": "18", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/pharmaceutics14081671", "article-title": "Protein-based adjuvants for vaccines as immunomodulators of the innate and adaptive immune response: Current knowledge, challenges, and future opportunities.", "author": "Díaz-Dinamarca", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Pharmaceutics", "key": "B32", "volume": "14", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103703", "article-title": "Alpha variant SARS-CoV-2 infection: How it all starts.", "author": "Domingo", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "EBioMedicine", "key": "B33", "volume": "74", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.tim.2019.10.004", "article-title": "Multifaceted roles of TIM-family proteins in virus-host interactions.", "author": "Evans", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "224", "journal-title": "Trends Microbiol.", "key": "B34", "volume": "28", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.26355/eurrev_202012_23985", "article-title": "CD147 as an alternative binding site for the spike protein on the surface of SARS-CoV-2.", "author": "Faghihi", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "11992", "journal-title": "Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci.", "key": "B35", "volume": "24", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41392-022-00950-y", "article-title": "Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development.", "author": "Fang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Signal Transduct. Target Ther.", "key": "B36", "volume": "7", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/07853890.2022.2031274", "article-title": "Emerging COVID-19 variants and their impact on SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, therapeutics and vaccines.", "author": "Fernandes", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "524", "journal-title": "Ann. Med.", "key": "B37", "volume": "54", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s43440-022-00419-3", "article-title": "Correction: Real-world experience with molnupiravir during the period of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant dominance.", "author": "Flisiak", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Pharmacol. Rep.", "key": "B38", "volume": "74", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1128/jvi.00753-22", "article-title": "Acquisition of furin cleavage site and further SARS-CoV-2 evolution change the mechanisms of viral entry, infection spread, and cell signaling.", "author": "Frolova", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "J. Virol.", "key": "B39", "volume": "96", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ijms22030992", "article-title": "Can SARS-CoV-2 virus use multiple receptors to enter host cells?", "author": "Gadanec", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Int. J. Mol. Sci.", "key": "B40", "volume": "22", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/adbi.202200007", "article-title": "Neuropilin-1-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection in bone marrow-derived macrophages inhibits osteoclast differentiation.", "author": "Gao", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Adv. Biol.", "key": "B41", "volume": "6", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41467-021-23118-8", "article-title": "Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 Orf9b in complex with human TOM70 suggests unusual virus-host interactions.", "author": "Gao", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Nat. Commun.", "key": "B42", "volume": "12", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/all.14657", "article-title": "Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: A review.", "author": "Gao", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "428", "journal-title": "Allergy", "key": "B43", "volume": "76", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1097/coh.0000000000000658", "article-title": "Structural basis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.", "author": "Ge", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "74", "journal-title": "Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS", "key": "B44", "volume": "16", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1172/jci.insight.149187", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: A triumph of science and collaboration.", "author": "Golob", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "JCI Insight", "key": "B45", "volume": "6", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMc2202061", "article-title": "Effectiveness of Ad26.Cov2.S and Bnt162b2 vaccines against omicron variant in South Africa.", "author": "Gray", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2243", "journal-title": "N. Engl. J. Med.", "key": "B46", "volume": "386", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41422-021-00595-6", "article-title": "Receptome profiling identifies Kremen1 and ASGR1 as alternative functional receptors of SARS-CoV-2.", "author": "Gu", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "24", "journal-title": "Cell Res.", "key": "B47", "volume": "32", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2022.877101", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant: Epidemiological features, biological characteristics, and clinical significance.", "author": "Guo", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Front. Immunol.", "key": "B48", "volume": "13", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.neo.2022.100837", "article-title": "Targeting GRP78 suppresses oncogenic KRAS protein expression and reduces viability of cancer cells bearing various KRAS mutations.", "author": "Ha", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Neoplasia", "key": "B49", "volume": "33", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/rmv.2313", "article-title": "COVID-19 vaccines and variants of concern: A review.", "author": "Hadj Hassine", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Rev. Med. Virol.", "key": "B50", "volume": "32", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.scib.2021.01.010", "article-title": "Binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to glycans.", "author": "Hao", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1205", "journal-title": "Sci. Bull.", "key": "B51", "volume": "66", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/vaccines10050794", "article-title": "The SARS-CoV-2 variant omicron is able to escape vaccine-induced humoral immune responses, but is counteracted by booster vaccination.", "author": "Hastert", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Vaccines", "key": "B52", "volume": "10", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fmicb.2022.927306", "article-title": "A comprehensive review of the protein subunit vaccines against COVID-19.", "author": "Heidary", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Front. Microbiol.", "key": "B53", "volume": "13", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s10529-021-03211-0", "article-title": "Plant-derived VLP: A worthy platform to produce vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.", "author": "Hemmati", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "45", "journal-title": "Biotechnol. Lett.", "key": "B54", "volume": "44", "year": "2022" }, { "journal-title": "Victoria’s COVID wave is slowing but mutant substrain FU.1 in China, India likely on the way.", "key": "B55", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41392-023-01348-0", "article-title": "Lymphocyte integrins mediate entry and dysregulation of T cells by SARS-CoV-2.", "author": "Huang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Signal Transduct. Target Ther.", "key": "B56", "volume": "8", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/22221751.2022.2125348", "article-title": "Structure-based neutralizing mechanisms for SARS- CoV-2 antibodies.", "author": "Huang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2412", "journal-title": "Emerg. Microbes Infect.", "key": "B57", "volume": "11", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41580-021-00418-x", "article-title": "Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells.", "author": "Jackson", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "3", "journal-title": "Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.", "key": "B58", "volume": "23", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1146/annurev-med-012621-102252", "article-title": "COVID-19 vaccines: Adenoviral vectors.", "author": "Jacob-Dolan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "41", "journal-title": "Annu. Rev. Med.", "key": "B59", "volume": "73", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s11033-022-07132-7", "article-title": "Current advances and challenges in COVID-19 vaccine development: From conventional vaccines to next-generation vaccine platforms.", "author": "Jafari", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "4943", "journal-title": "Mol. Biol. Rep.", "key": "B60", "volume": "49", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2021.821538", "article-title": "Mrna vaccine: How to meet the challenge of SARS-CoV-2.", "author": "Jin", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Front. Immunol.", "key": "B61", "volume": "12", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.15252/embr.202154305", "article-title": "ADAM10 and ADAM17 promote SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and spike protein-mediated lung cell fusion.", "author": "Jocher", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "EMBO Rep.", "key": "B62", "volume": "23", "year": "2022" }, { "journal-title": "Coronavirus COVID-19 dashboard.", "key": "B63", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jobm.202000537", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2, the pandemic coronavirus: Molecular and structural insights.", "author": "Kadam", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "180", "journal-title": "J. Basic Microbiol.", "key": "B64", "volume": "61", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.envres.2022.112816", "article-title": "Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) variant, salient features, high global health concerns and strategies to counter it amid ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.", "author": "Khandia", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Environ. Res.", "key": "B65", "volume": "209", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00151-9", "article-title": "Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the DNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Zycov-D): The interim efficacy results of a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in India.", "author": "Khobragade", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1313", "journal-title": "Lancet", "key": "B66", "volume": "399", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jcla.24418", "article-title": "An overview on inactivated and live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "author": "Khoshnood", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "J. Clin. Lab. Anal.", "key": "B67", "volume": "36", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ijms23010393", "article-title": "Commercial SARS-CoV-2 targeted, protease inhibitor focused and protein-protein interaction inhibitor focused molecular libraries for virtual screening and drug design.", "author": "Kralj", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Int. J. Mol. Sci.", "key": "B68", "volume": "23", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/infdis/jiac016", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccine INO-4800 induces durable immune responses capable of being boosted in a phase 1 open-label trial.", "author": "Kraynyak", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1923", "journal-title": "J. Infect Dis.", "key": "B69", "volume": "225", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jama.2022.11942", "article-title": "Rehospitalization, emergency visits after paxlovid treatment are rare.", "author": "Kueh", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "JAMA", "key": "B70", "volume": "328", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41467-023-36279-5", "article-title": "Direct Cryo-ET observation of platelet deformation induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.", "author": "Kuhn", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Nat. Commun.", "key": "B71", "volume": "14", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.2147/ijgm.S359483", "article-title": "Analysis of deaths and favorable developments of patients with SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized in the largest hospital for infectious diseases and pneumo-phthisiology in the West of the Country.", "author": "Laza", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "3417", "journal-title": "Int. J. Gen. Med.", "key": "B72", "volume": "15", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41392-022-01062-3", "article-title": "Heterologous mRNA vaccine booster increases neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 omicron BA.2 variant.", "author": "Li", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Signal Transduct. Target Ther.", "key": "B73", "volume": "7", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41392-022-00996-y", "article-title": "COVID-19 vaccine development: Milestones, lessons and prospects.", "author": "Li", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Signal Transduct. Target Ther.", "key": "B74", "volume": "7", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.isci.2020.101160", "article-title": "The MERS-CoV receptor DPP4 as a candidate binding target of the SARS-CoV-2 spike.", "author": "Li", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "iScience", "key": "B75", "volume": "23", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/vaccines10091538", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 variants, current vaccines and therapeutic implications for COVID-19.", "author": "Liang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Vaccines", "key": "B76", "volume": "10", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41591-020-0901-9", "article-title": "Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19.", "author": "Liao", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "842", "journal-title": "Nat. Med.", "key": "B77", "volume": "26", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41422-022-00681-3", "article-title": "Safety and superior immunogenicity of heterologous boosting with an rbd-based SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in Chinese adults.", "author": "Liu", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "777", "journal-title": "Cell Res.", "key": "B78", "volume": "32", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/tropicalmed6030151", "article-title": "An autochthonous outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 P.1 variant of concern in Southern Italy, April 2021.", "author": "Loconsole", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Trop. Med. Infect. Dis.", "key": "B79", "volume": "6", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.006", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 exacerbates proinflammatory responses in myeloid cells through C-type lectin receptors and tweety family member 2.", "author": "Lu", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1304", "journal-title": "Immunity", "key": "B80", "volume": "54", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s40249-022-00977-x", "article-title": "Immunogenicity and safety of heterologous versus homologous prime-boost schedules with an adenoviral vectored and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: A systematic review.", "author": "Lv", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Infect. Dis. Poverty", "key": "B81", "volume": "11", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1017/ice.2021.146", "article-title": "Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with false-negative severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) test results.", "author": "MacKenzie", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "467", "journal-title": "Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.", "key": "B82", "volume": "43", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/cpt.2646", "article-title": "Recommendations for the management of drug-drug interactions between the COVID-19 antiviral nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (paxlovid) and comedications.", "author": "Marzolini", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1191", "journal-title": "Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.", "key": "B83", "volume": "112", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.coi.2022.102210", "article-title": "Viral vector vaccines.", "author": "McCann", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Curr. Opin. Immunol.", "key": "B84", "volume": "77", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/14760584.2021.1991794", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine adjuvants and their signaling pathways.", "author": "Mekonnen", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "69", "journal-title": "Expert Rev. Vaccines", "key": "B85", "volume": "21", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.17305/bjbms.2021.7082", "article-title": "Strategies and safety considerations of booster vaccination in COVID-19.", "author": "Meng", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "366", "journal-title": "Bosn J. Basic Med. Sci.", "key": "B86", "volume": "22", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.033", "article-title": "SnapShot: Enveloped virus entry.", "author": "Mercer", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "786", "journal-title": "Cell", "key": "B87", "volume": "182", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2021.809244", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccines, and host immunity.", "author": "Mistry", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Front. Immunol.", "key": "B88", "volume": "12", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198522", "article-title": "Structural modelling of SARS-CoV-2 alpha variant (B.1.1.7) suggests enhanced furin binding and infectivity.", "author": "Mohammad", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Virus Res.", "key": "B89", "volume": "303", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41586-022-04778-y", "article-title": "Increased memory B cell potency and breadth after a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA boost.", "author": "Muecksch", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "128", "journal-title": "Nature", "key": "B90", "volume": "607", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1155/2022/6324462", "article-title": "Human responses in public health emergencies for infectious disease control: An overview of controlled topologies for biomedical applications.", "author": "Naseri", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Contrast Media Mol. Imaging", "key": "B91", "volume": "2022", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/molecules26216455", "article-title": "A review of human coronaviruses’ receptors: The host-cell targets for the crown bearing viruses.", "author": "Nassar", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Molecules", "key": "B92", "volume": "26", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112650", "article-title": "Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of heterologous prime-boost immunization with COVID-19 vaccine.", "author": "Nguyen", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Biomed. Pharmacother.", "key": "B93", "volume": "147", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/rmv.2277", "article-title": "Potency of BNT162B2 and mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 variants of concern: A systematic review of in Vitro studies.", "author": "Noori", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Rev. Med. Virol.", "key": "B94", "volume": "32", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.018", "article-title": "Could live attenuated vaccines better control COVID-19?", "author": "Okamura", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "5719", "journal-title": "Vaccine", "key": "B95", "volume": "39", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.ppat.1009212", "article-title": "Hydroxychloroquine-mediated inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry is attenuated by TMPRSS2.", "author": "Ou", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "PLoS Pathog.", "key": "B96", "volume": "17", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/cti2.1260", "article-title": "Antibodies to neutralising epitopes synergistically block the interaction of the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE 2.", "author": "Pandey", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Clin. Transl. Immunol.", "key": "B97", "volume": "10", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s00431-022-04600-x", "article-title": "Prevalence and clinical presentation of long COVID in children: A systematic review.", "author": "Pellegrino", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "3995", "journal-title": "Eur. J. Pediatr.", "key": "B98", "volume": "181", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1128/Spectrum.00030-21", "article-title": "Transformations, lineage comparisons, and analysis of down-to-up protomer states of variants of the SARS-CoV-2 prefusion spike protein, including the UK variant B.1.1.7.", "author": "Peters", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Microbiol. Spectr.", "key": "B99", "volume": "9", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s11883-022-01001-1", "article-title": "SR-B1’s next top model: Structural perspectives on the functions of the HDL receptor.", "author": "Powers", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "277", "journal-title": "Curr. Atheroscler. Rep.", "key": "B100", "volume": "24", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.044", "article-title": "Single cell RNA sequencing of 13 human tissues identify cell types and receptors of human coronaviruses.", "author": "Qi", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "135", "journal-title": "Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.", "key": "B101", "volume": "526", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.044", "article-title": "Circular RNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants.", "author": "Qu", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1728", "journal-title": "Cell", "key": "B102", "volume": "185", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/v14030600", "article-title": "Next-generation sequencing for confronting virus pandemics.", "author": "Quer", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Viruses", "key": "B103", "volume": "14", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41598-021-02548-w", "article-title": "Epidemiological associations with genomic variation in SARS-CoV-2.", "author": "Rahnavard", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Sci. Rep.", "key": "B104", "volume": "11", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s00253-020-11061-5", "article-title": "Detection technologies and recent developments in the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection.", "author": "Rai", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "441", "journal-title": "Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.", "key": "B105", "volume": "105", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167280", "article-title": "The mechanism and consequences of SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated fusion and syncytia formation.", "author": "Rajah", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "J. Mol. Biol.", "key": "B106", "volume": "434", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.27749", "article-title": "“Is Omicron mild”? Testing this narrative with the mutational landscape of its three lineages and response to existing vaccines and therapeutic antibodies.", "author": "Rajpal", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "3521", "journal-title": "J. Med. Virol.", "key": "B107", "volume": "94", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.027", "article-title": "Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.", "author": "Rakhmat", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "777", "journal-title": "Diabetes Metab. Syndr.", "key": "B108", "volume": "15", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/biom11070993", "article-title": "COVID-19: Unmasking emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccines and therapeutic strategies.", "author": "Raman", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Biomolecules", "key": "B109", "volume": "11", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.micres.2022.127204", "article-title": "Omicron variant: Current insights and future directions.", "author": "Rana", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Microbiol. Res.", "key": "B110", "volume": "265", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s00705-022-05365-2", "article-title": "The ins and outs of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs).", "author": "Salehi-Vaziri", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "327", "journal-title": "Arch. Virol.", "key": "B111", "volume": "167", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/jtm/taab191", "article-title": "Heterologous prime-boost strategies for COVID-19 vaccines.", "author": "Sapkota", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "J. Travel Med.", "key": "B112", "volume": "29", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41598-023-27649-6", "article-title": "A strategy for evaluating potential antiviral resistance to small molecule drugs and application to SARS-CoV-2.", "author": "Sargsyan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Sci. Rep.", "key": "B113", "volume": "13", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/infdis/jiab171", "article-title": "The stability of an isolate of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage in aerosols is similar to 3 earlier isolates.", "author": "Schuit", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1641", "journal-title": "J. Infect. Dis.", "key": "B114", "volume": "224", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s00408-020-00408-4", "article-title": "ACE2: The major cell entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2.", "author": "Scialo", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "867", "journal-title": "Lung", "key": "B115", "volume": "198", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/febs.15651", "article-title": "The structural basis of accelerated host cell entry by SARS-CoV-2†.", "author": "Seyran", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "5010", "journal-title": "FEBS J.", "key": "B116", "volume": "288", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/biomedicines10081995", "article-title": "GRP78, a novel host factor for SARS-CoV-2: The emerging roles in COVID-19 related to metabolic risk factors.", "author": "Shin", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Biomedicines", "key": "B117", "volume": "10", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s12098-022-04077-4", "article-title": "The emergence of omicron: Challenging times are here again!", "author": "Singhal", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "490", "journal-title": "Indian J. Pediatr.", "key": "B118", "volume": "89", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3201/eid2806.211821", "article-title": "Detection of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 (Beta) variant through wastewater surveillance before case detection in a community, Oregon, USA.", "author": "Sutton", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1101", "journal-title": "Emerg. Infect. Dis.", "key": "B119", "volume": "28", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.02.016", "article-title": "COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Platforms and current developments.", "author": "Szabó", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1850", "journal-title": "Mol. Ther.", "key": "B120", "volume": "30", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/rmv.2391", "article-title": "Update on the omicron sub-variants BA.4 and BA.5.", "author": "Tallei", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Rev. Med. Virol.", "key": "B121", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1101/2020.10.23.350348", "article-title": "Transferrin receptor is another receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry.", "author": "Tang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "bioRxiv", "key": "B122", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fmicb.2021.790121", "article-title": "Virus-like particles: Revolutionary platforms for developing vaccines against emerging infectious diseases.", "author": "Tariq", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Front. Microbiol.", "key": "B123", "volume": "12", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.015", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induces immunological T cell memory able to cross-recognize variants from alpha to omicron.", "author": "Tarke", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "847", "journal-title": "Cell", "key": "B124", "volume": "185", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.27541", "article-title": "Omicron (B.1.1.529): A new SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern mounting worldwide fear.", "author": "Thakur", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1821", "journal-title": "J. Med. Virol.", "key": "B125", "volume": "94", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.o902", "article-title": "Covid-19: WHO suspends supplies of India’s covaxin through UN agencies.", "author": "Thiagarajan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "BMJ", "key": "B126", "volume": "377", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.27643", "article-title": "The emergence and epidemic characteristics of the highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant.", "author": "Tian", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2376", "journal-title": "J. Med. Virol.", "key": "B127", "volume": "94", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ijms23137315", "article-title": "Omicron Ba.2 lineage, the “stealth” variant: Is it truly a silent epidemic? A literature review.", "author": "Tiecco", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Int. J. Mol. Sci.", "key": "B128", "volume": "23", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41541-022-00509-6", "article-title": "Mucosal administration of a live attenuated recombinant COVID-19 vaccine protects nonhuman primates from SARS-CoV-2.", "author": "Tioni", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "NPJ Vaccines", "key": "B129", "volume": "7", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s00408-022-00566-7", "article-title": "Real-Life evidence of lower lung virulence in COVID-19 inpatients infected with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant compared to wild-type and delta SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.", "author": "Trunfio", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "573", "journal-title": "Lung", "key": "B130", "volume": "200", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijid.2023.01.024", "article-title": "Emergence and geographic dominance of omicron subvariants XBB/XBB.1.5 and BF.7-the public health challenges.", "author": "Velavan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "307", "journal-title": "Int. J. Infect. Dis.", "key": "B131", "volume": "128", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1503/cmaj.1096034", "article-title": "What to know about omicron XBB.1.5.", "author": "Vogel", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "E127", "journal-title": "CMAJ", "key": "B132", "volume": "195", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058", "article-title": "Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein.", "author": "Walls", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "281", "journal-title": "Cell", "key": "B133", "volume": "181", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s11845-021-02604-4", "article-title": "Research progress in laboratory detection of SARS-CoV-2.", "author": "Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "509", "journal-title": "Ir. J. Med. Sci.", "key": "B134", "volume": "191", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41421-021-00357-z", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 uses metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 as an internalization factor to infect cells.", "author": "Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Cell Discov.", "key": "B135", "volume": "7", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1101/2020.03.14.988345", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells via a novel route: CD147-spike protein.", "author": "Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "bioRxiv", "key": "B136", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41422-020-00460-y", "article-title": "AXL is a candidate receptor for SARS-CoV-2 that promotes infection of pulmonary and bronchial epithelial cells.", "author": "Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "126", "journal-title": "Cell Res.", "key": "B137", "volume": "31", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/v14051049", "article-title": "Development of DNA vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2.", "author": "Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Viruses", "key": "B138", "volume": "14", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.2102775118", "article-title": "Scalable live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate demonstrates preclinical safety and efficacy.", "author": "Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.", "key": "B139", "volume": "118", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/22221751.2020.1852059", "article-title": "Low toxicity and high immunogenicity of an inactivated vaccine candidate against COVID-19 in different animal models.", "author": "Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2606", "journal-title": "Emerg. Microbes Infect.", "key": "B140", "volume": "9", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s42255-020-00324-0", "article-title": "HDL-scavenger receptor B type 1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 entry.", "author": "Wei", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1391", "journal-title": "Nat. Metab.", "key": "B141", "volume": "2", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/v13091693", "article-title": "Antibody-mediated neutralization of authentic SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 variants harboring L452r and T478k/E484q.", "author": "Wilhelm", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Viruses", "key": "B142", "volume": "13", "year": "2021" }, { "journal-title": "Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants.", "key": "B143", "year": "" }, { "journal-title": "COVID-19 vaccines with WHO emergency use listing.", "key": "B144", "year": "" }, { "journal-title": "The COVID-19 vaccine tracker and landscape compiles detailed information of each COVID-19 vaccine candidate in development by closely monitoring their progress through the pipeline.", "key": "B145", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1126/science.abb2507", "article-title": "Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation.", "author": "Wrapp", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1260", "journal-title": "Science", "key": "B146", "volume": "367", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41392-022-01230-5", "article-title": "CD147 contributes to SARS-CoV-2-induced pulmonary fibrosis.", "author": "Wu", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Nature", "key": "B147", "volume": "7", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1681/ASN.2020050667", "article-title": "Kidney and lung ACE2 expression after an ACE inhibitor or an Ang II receptor blocker: Implications for COVID-19.", "author": "Wysocki", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1941", "journal-title": "J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.", "key": "B148", "volume": "31", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41392-020-0184-0", "article-title": "The role of furin cleavage site in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated membrane fusion in the presence or absence of trypsin.", "author": "Xia", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Signal Transduct. Target Ther.", "key": "B149", "volume": "5", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/v14112553", "article-title": "IFITM3 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection and is associated with COVID-19 susceptibility.", "author": "Xu", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Viruses", "key": "B150", "volume": "14", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jiph.2021.12.011", "article-title": "Isolation and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 beta variant from UAE travelers.", "author": "Yadav", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "182", "journal-title": "J. Infect. Public Health", "key": "B151", "volume": "15", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/cells10040821", "article-title": "Role of structural and non-structural proteins and therapeutic targets of SARS-CoV-2 for COVID-19.", "author": "Yadav", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Cells", "key": "B152", "volume": "10", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1126/science.abb2762", "article-title": "Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2.", "author": "Yan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1444", "journal-title": "Science", "key": "B153", "volume": "367", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/jmcb/mjab003", "article-title": "Kidney injury molecule-1 is a potential receptor for SARS-CoV-2.", "author": "Yang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "185", "journal-title": "J. Mol. Cell. Biol.", "key": "B154", "volume": "13", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41579-021-00630-8", "article-title": "Structural biology of SARS-CoV-2 and implications for therapeutic development.", "author": "Yang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "685", "journal-title": "Nat. Rev. Microbiol.", "key": "B155", "volume": "19", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0309", "article-title": "Evolutionary history of the SARS-CoV-2 gamma variant of concern (P.1): A perfect storm.", "author": "Yépez", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Genet. Mol. Biol.", "key": "B156", "volume": "45", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e12", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 delta variant breakthrough infection and onward secondary transmission in household.", "author": "Yi", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "J. Korean Med. Sci.", "key": "B157", "volume": "37", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s10930-021-09967-8", "article-title": "A biochemical perspective of the nonstructural proteins (NSPs) and the spike protein of SARS CoV-2.", "author": "Yoshimoto", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "260", "journal-title": "Protein J.", "key": "B158", "volume": "40", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12916-022-02397-y", "article-title": "Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: A systematic review and meta-analysis.", "author": "Zeng", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "BMC Med.", "key": "B159", "volume": "20", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.7150/ijbs.66881", "article-title": "B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2: Features, transmission and potential strategies.", "author": "Zhan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1844", "journal-title": "Int. J. Biol. Sci.", "key": "B160", "volume": "18", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41422-021-00501-0", "article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with and activates TLR4.", "author": "Zhao", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Cell Res.", "key": "B161", "volume": "31", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1128/cmr.00014-22", "article-title": "Sensitivity to vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and viral entry inhibitors and advances to counter the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant.", "author": "Zhou", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Clin. Microbiol. Rev.", "key": "B162", "volume": "35", "year": "2022" } ], "reference-count": 162, "references-count": 162, "relation": {}, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1232453/full" } }, "score": 1, "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [], "subtitle": [], "title": "Novel receptor, mutation, vaccine, and establishment of coping mode for SARS-CoV-2: current status and future", "type": "journal-article", "update-policy": "https://doi.org/10.3389/crossmark-policy", "volume": "14" }
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 200,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. IMA and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit