Causes and Consequences of Coronavirus Spike Protein Variability
Fabian Zech, Christoph Jung, Timo Jacob, Frank Kirchhoff
Viruses, doi:10.3390/v16020177
Coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped RNA viruses found in numerous animal species. They are well known for their ability to cross species barriers and have been transmitted from bats or intermediate hosts to humans on several occasions. Four of the seven human coronaviruses (hCoVs) are responsible for approximately 20% of common colds (hCoV-229E, -NL63, -OC43, -HKU1). Two others (SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV) cause severe and frequently lethal respiratory syndromes but have only spread to very limited extents in the human population. In contrast the most recent human hCoV, SARS-CoV-2, while exhibiting intermediate pathogenicity, has a profound impact on public health due to its enormous spread. In this review, we discuss which initial features of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and subsequent adaptations to the new human host may have helped this pathogen to cause the COVID-19 pandemic. Our focus is on host forces driving changes in the Spike protein and their consequences for virus infectivity, pathogenicity, immune evasion and resistance to preventive or therapeutic agents. In addition, we briefly address the significance and perspectives of broad-spectrum therapeutics and vaccines.
Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/v16020177/s1, Table S1 : GenBank identifiers of analysed Spike proteins (Figure 1 /2). Author Contributions: F.Z. and F.K. wrote the manuscript. F.Z. and C.J. drafted the figures and F.K. modified and revised them. T.J. provided resources and supervised structural analyses. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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'abstract': '<jats:p>Coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped RNA viruses found in numerous animal '
'species. They are well known for their ability to cross species barriers and have been '
'transmitted from bats or intermediate hosts to humans on several occasions. Four of the seven '
'human coronaviruses (hCoVs) are responsible for approximately 20% of common colds (hCoV-229E, '
'-NL63, -OC43, -HKU1). Two others (SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV) cause severe and frequently lethal '
'respiratory syndromes but have only spread to very limited extents in the human population. '
'In contrast the most recent human hCoV, SARS-CoV-2, while exhibiting intermediate '
'pathogenicity, has a profound impact on public health due to its enormous spread. In this '
'review, we discuss which initial features of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and subsequent '
'adaptations to the new human host may have helped this pathogen to cause the COVID-19 '
'pandemic. Our focus is on host forces driving changes in the Spike protein and their '
'consequences for virus infectivity, pathogenicity, immune evasion and resistance to '
'preventive or therapeutic agents. In addition, we briefly address the significance and '
'perspectives of broad-spectrum therapeutics and vaccines.</jats:p>',
'DOI': '10.3390/v16020177',
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