VCL/ICAM-1 pathway is associated with lung inflammatory damage in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection
Mingshan Xue, Zhiwei Lin, Youli Wen, Shaohui Fan, Youxia Li, Hui-Qi Qu, Qiurong Hu, Qian Guo, Lijun Su, Qianyue Yang, Jiahong Chen, Chuci Jiang, Huimin Huang, Peiyan Zheng, Ning Li, Quan Yuan, Meixia Zhang, Xin Zhao, Qunhua Wu, Fengyu Hu, Lu Li, Xiaowen Wang, Peixin Liu, Hakon Hakonarson, Zhiping Deng, Hongman Wang, Xiaoping Tang, Baoqing Sun
Nature Communications, doi:10.1038/s41467-025-59145-y
precisely capturing the comprehensive pathological landscape of SARS-CoV-2 5 . The damage mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 is primarily attributed to the host immune system dysfunction resulting in uncontrolled inflammation, rather than the direct toxicity of the virus. However, viral load is directly correlated with the severity clinical outcomes 6 . Once immune dysfunction takes place within the lungs, uncontrolled inflammatory chemotaxis leads to the secretion of numerous cytokines, causing damage to alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. The damage can even progress to the development of deep vein micro thrombosis or bleeding, disruption of the gas-blood barrier, and potential complications like multiple organ failure 7, 8 . The likelihood of severe cases with the Omicron variant is lower, and these cases are characterized by mild inflammation. Research has found that changes in the condition of mild to moderate symptoms do not necessarily parallel changes in infection indicators such as C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and inflammatory cells. These indicators may even remain at clinically normal levels 9, 10 . According to the most recent research, although Omicron exhibits lower infection indicators and decreased risk when contrasted with the ancestral and Delta variants, it should not be classified as a "mild" variant of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 4, 11 . Previous studies by our team have identified that coagulation-related pathways play a critical role in symptomatic Omicron infections, though the key pathways and proteins involved remain unknown 12 . At the same time, compared with original variant, what unique symptoms, disease progression, and diagnostic indicators Omicron has remained to be explored. Understanding the unique impacts of the Omicron variant on the human body is crucial for shaping public health strategies and therapeutic approaches that address not only the current but also emerging viral variants, thereby enhancing our capacity to manage COVID-19 effectively. Compared to the ancestral variant, the Omicron variant has approximately twice the affinity for ACE2, making it more transmissible. In terms of respiratory symptoms, Omicron is almost indistinguishable from earlier variants and generally causes milder symptoms 4 . However, Omicron infections exhibit highly heterogeneous characteristics, with symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia, respiratory distress, organ dysfunction, and even death in participants across all age groups 13 . This diversity in infection outcomes highlights the importance of further research into Omicron's pathogenic mechanisms. A study has shown that the damaging effect on the blood-gas barrier during persistent lung functional impairment during and posthospitalization is the main cause of refractory hypoxemia 14 , but the mechanism remains unclear. Furthermore, the ambiguous disease characteristics in low-risk populations pose challenges for..
Data availability The proteomics and glycoproteomics data have been deposited in ProteomeXchange (Submission reference: PXD054443) and The Metabolomics data have been deposited in MetaboLights (Submission reference: MTBLS12231). Supporting source data used in the generation of figures and results are provided with this paper. Source data are provided with this paper.
Author contributions These authors contributed equally to this work: M.X., Z.L., Y.W. Conception and design of the research: B.S., X.T., H.W., and Z.D. Drafting the manuscript: M.X. and Z.L. Manuscript Editing: H.Q., H.Ha. Article structure design: M.X. and Z.L. Statistical analysis: Z.L., Q.H., S.F. and Y.L. Samples collection and detection: Y.L., F.H., L.L., H.Hu., P.Z., N.L., and Q.Yu. Experimental management: J.C., C.J., P.L., M.Z., X.Z., X.W., and Q.W. Acquisition of data: Q.G., L.S., X.Z., S.F. and Y.L. Data Interpretation: M.X., Z.L., Q.Ya., J.C., H.Q., H.Ha. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.
References
Ali, Tofiq, Rostam, Ali, Tawfeeq, Disease severity and efficacy of homologous vaccination among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Delta or Omicron VOCs, compared to unvaccinated using main biomarkers, J. Med Virol
Arber Raviv, Lung targeted liposomes for treating ARDS, J. Control Release
Barreiro, Dynamic interaction of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 with moesin and ezrin in a novel endothelial docking structure for adherent leukocytes, J. cell Biol
Bombaci, LRR-protein RNH1 dampens the inflammasome activation and is associated with COVID-19 severity, Life Sci. Alliance
Bui, Wiesolek, Sumagin, ICAM-1: A master regulator of cellular responses in inflammation, injury resolution, and tumorigenesis, J. Leucoc. Biol
Chang, Kumar, Vinculin tension distributions of individual stress fibers within cell-matrix adhesions, J. cell Sci
Chang, Li, Lymphocyte * Neutrophil" count decreased in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron patients in Shanghai with no significant change in CRP and SAA, J. Clin. Lab Anal
Comrie, Li, Boyle, Burkhardt, The dendritic cell cytoskeleton promotes T cell adhesion and activation by constraining ICAM-1 mobility, J. Cell Biol
Conroy, Hawkinson, Young, Gentry, Sun, Emerging roles of N-linked glycosylation in brain physiology and disorders, Trends Endocrinol. Metab
Dai, Association between obesity and sexual maturation in Chinese children: a muticenter study, Int. J. Obes
Dalal, Muller, Sullivan, Endothelial Cell Calcium Signaling during Barrier Function and Inflammation, Am. J. Pathol
Davis, Mccorkell, Vogel, Topol, Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations, Nat. Rev. Microbiol
De Jesus, Ramakrishnan, NF-kappaB c-Rel Dictates the Inflammatory Threshold by Acting as a Transcriptional Repressor, iScience
Dockrell, Russell, Mchugh, Fraser, Does autonomous macrophage-driven inflammation promote alveolar damage in COVID-19?, Eur. Respir. J
Dorland, Huveneers, Cell-cell junctional mechanotransduction in endothelial remodeling, Cell Mol. Life Sci
Du, Genomic surveillance of COVID-19 cases in Beijing, Nat. Commun
Fan, SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: recent progress and future perspectives, Signal Transduct. Target Ther
Feng, Epidemiological features, genomic characteristics, and origin tracing of the COVID-19 outbreaks in Beijing from January to September 2022, J. Med. Virol
Fernandez-De-Las-Penas, Long-COVID Symptoms in Individuals Infected with Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern: A Systematic Review of the Literature, Viruses
Ferreira, Gomes, Rodrigues-Neto, Jeronimo, Genome-wide association studies of COVID-19: Connecting the dots, Infect., Genet. evolution: J. Mol. Epidemiol. Evolut. Genet. Infect. Dis
Jiang, An explainable machine learning algorithm for risk factor analysis of in-hospital mortality in sepsis survivors with ICU readmission, Comput Methods Prog. Biomed
Kermani-Alghoraishi, Pouramini, Kafi, Khosravi, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Severe Pericardial Effusion: From Pathogenesis to Management: A Case Report Based Systematic Review, Curr. Probl. Cardiol
Liu, Clinical characteristics, diagnosis and short-term outcomes of COVID-19-associated acute myocarditis in China, ESC Heart Failure
Liwosz, Lei, Kukuruzinska, N-glycosylation affects the molecular organization and stability of E-cadherin junctions, J. Biol. Chem
Lu, Recombinant protein HR212 targeting heptad repeat 2 domain in spike protein S2 subunit elicits broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, MedComm
Menni, Symptom prevalence, duration, and risk of hospital admission in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 during periods of omicron and delta variant dominance: a prospective observational study from the ZOE COVID Study, Lancet
Nchioua, Strong attenuation of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and increased replication of the BA.5 subvariant in human cardiomyocytes, Signal Transduct. Target. Ther
Niu, Intragastric and atomized administration of canagliflozin inhibit inflammatory cytokine storm in lipopolysaccharidetreated sepsis in mice: A potential COVID-19 treatment, Int Immunopharmacol
Pairo-Castineira, GWAS and meta-analysis identifies 49 genetic variants underlying critical COVID-19, Nature
Pan, SARS-CoV-2 N protein promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation to induce hyperinflammation, Nat. Commun
Parhiz, Added to pre-existing inflammation, mRNA-lipid nanoparticles induce inflammation exacerbation (IE), J. Control Release
Perez-Riverol, The PRIDE database resources in 2022: a hub for mass spectrometry-based proteomics evidences, Nucleic Acids Res
Pieri, Serum Amyloid A Protein as a useful biomarker to predict COVID-19 patients severity and prognosis, Int Immunopharmacol
Qiu, The derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio can be the predictor of prognosis for COVID-19 Omicron BA.2 infected patients, Front Immunol
Qu, Inhibition of the alpha-mannosidase Man2c1 gene expression enhances adhesion of Jurkat cells, Cell Res
Radovani, Gudelj, N-Glycosylation and Inflammation; the Not-So-Sweet Relation, Front Immunol
Rani, Uniyal, Akhilesh, Tiwari, Decrypting the cellular and molecular intricacies associated with COVID-19-induced chronic pain, Metab. Brain Dis
Sayah, Interleukin-6, procalcitonin and neutrophil-tolymphocyte ratio: Potential immune-inflammatory parameters to identify severe and fatal forms of COVID-19, Cytokine
Scott, Patel, Endothelial heterogeneity and adhesion molecules N-glycosylation: implications in leukocyte trafficking in inflammation, Glycobiology
Sette, Crotty, Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, Cell
Shrestha, Foster, Rawlinson, Tedla, Bull, Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants BA.1 to BA.5: Implications for immune escape and transmission, Rev. Med Virol
Solomon, Fretzin, Pruzansky, Pilosebaceous dysplasia in the oral-facial-digital syndrome, Arch. Dermatol
Spörrer, The desmin mutation R349P increases contractility and fragility of stem cell-generated muscle micro-tissues, Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol
Suzuki, Ichikawa, Suzuki, Tanino, Kakinoki, Clinical characteristics of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 omicron variant compared with the delta variant: a retrospective case-control study of 318 outpatients from a single sight institute in Japan, PeerJ
Tanneti, Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in primary human nasal cultures demonstrates Delta as most cytopathic and Omicron as fastest replicating, mBio
Tirotta, Evaluation of the threshold value for the modified early warning score (MEWS) in medical septic patients: a secondary analysis of an Italian multicentric prospective cohort (SNOOPII study), QJM
Uraki, Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.75 clinical isolates, Nat. Commun
Xue, Lin, Wen, 12 These authors jointly supervised this work: Baoqing Sun
Yang, Deciphering the omicron variant: integrated omics analysis reveals critical biomarkers and pathophysiological pathways, J. Transl. Med
Yang, Re-Du-Ning injection ameliorates LPS-induced lung injury through inhibiting neutrophil extracellular traps formation, Phytomedicine
Yisimayi, Repeated Omicron exposures override ancestral SARS-CoV-2 immune imprinting, Nature
Zhang, 3-year outcomes of discharged survivors of COVID-19 following the SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) wave in 2022 in China: a longitudinal cohort study, Lancet Respiratory Med
Zhang, Dong, Liu, Gao, Risk and Protective Factors for COVID-19 Morbidity, Severity, and Mortality, Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol
Zhou, A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin, Nature
Ziegler, Liddington, Critchley, The structure and regulation of vinculin, Trends Cell Biol
DOI record:
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41467-025-59145-y",
"ISSN": [
"2041-1723"
],
"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59145-y",
"alternative-id": [
"59145"
],
"article-number": "3801",
"assertion": [
{
"group": {
"label": "Article History",
"name": "ArticleHistory"
},
"label": "Received",
"name": "received",
"order": 1,
"value": "25 April 2024"
},
{
"group": {
"label": "Article History",
"name": "ArticleHistory"
},
"label": "Accepted",
"name": "accepted",
"order": 2,
"value": "10 April 2025"
},
{
"group": {
"label": "Article History",
"name": "ArticleHistory"
},
"label": "First Online",
"name": "first_online",
"order": 3,
"value": "23 April 2025"
},
{
"group": {
"label": "Competing interests",
"name": "EthicsHeading"
},
"name": "Ethics",
"order": 1,
"value": "The authors declare no competing interests."
}
],
"author": [
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2883-8476",
"affiliation": [],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Xue",
"given": "Mingshan",
"sequence": "first"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Lin",
"given": "Zhiwei",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Wen",
"given": "Youli",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Fan",
"given": "Shaohui",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Li",
"given": "Youxia",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9317-4488",
"affiliation": [],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Qu",
"given": "Hui-Qi",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Hu",
"given": "Qiurong",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Guo",
"given": "Qian",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Su",
"given": "Lijun",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Yang",
"given": "Qianyue",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Chen",
"given": "Jiahong",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Jiang",
"given": "Chuci",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Huang",
"given": "Huimin",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-4899",
"affiliation": [],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Zheng",
"given": "Peiyan",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Li",
"given": "Ning",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Yuan",
"given": "Quan",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Zhang",
"given": "Meixia",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Zhao",
"given": "Xin",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Wu",
"given": "Qunhua",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Hu",
"given": "Fengyu",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Li",
"given": "Lu",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Wang",
"given": "Xiaowen",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Liu",
"given": "Peixin",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2814-7461",
"affiliation": [],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Hakonarson",
"given": "Hakon",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Deng",
"given": "Zhiping",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Wang",
"given": "Hongman",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5067-659X",
"affiliation": [],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Tang",
"given": "Xiaoping",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1671-0723",
"affiliation": [],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Sun",
"given": "Baoqing",
"sequence": "additional"
}
],
"container-title": "Nature Communications",
"container-title-short": "Nat Commun",
"content-domain": {
"crossmark-restriction": false,
"domain": [
"link.springer.com"
]
},
"created": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
4,
23
]
],
"date-time": "2025-04-23T08:51:45Z",
"timestamp": 1745398305000
},
"deposited": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
4,
23
]
],
"date-time": "2025-04-23T10:05:51Z",
"timestamp": 1745402751000
},
"indexed": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
4,
24
]
],
"date-time": "2025-04-24T04:09:36Z",
"timestamp": 1745467776467,
"version": "3.40.4"
},
"is-referenced-by-count": 0,
"issue": "1",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
4,
23
]
]
},
"journal-issue": {
"issue": "1",
"published-online": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
12
]
]
}
},
"language": "en",
"license": [
{
"URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0",
"content-version": "tdm",
"delay-in-days": 0,
"start": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
4,
23
]
],
"date-time": "2025-04-23T00:00:00Z",
"timestamp": 1745366400000
}
},
{
"URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0",
"content-version": "vor",
"delay-in-days": 0,
"start": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
4,
23
]
],
"date-time": "2025-04-23T00:00:00Z",
"timestamp": 1745366400000
}
}
],
"link": [
{
"URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-59145-y.pdf",
"content-type": "application/pdf",
"content-version": "vor",
"intended-application": "text-mining"
},
{
"URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-59145-y",
"content-type": "text/html",
"content-version": "vor",
"intended-application": "text-mining"
},
{
"URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-59145-y.pdf",
"content-type": "application/pdf",
"content-version": "vor",
"intended-application": "similarity-checking"
}
],
"member": "297",
"original-title": [],
"prefix": "10.1038",
"published": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
4,
23
]
]
},
"published-online": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
4,
23
]
]
},
"publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
"reference": [
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7",
"author": "P Zhou",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "270",
"journal-title": "Nature",
"key": "59145_CR1",
"unstructured": "Zhou, P. et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 579, 270–273 (2020).",
"volume": "579",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/mco2.70088",
"author": "Y Lu",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "MedComm",
"key": "59145_CR2",
"unstructured": "Lu, Y. et al. Recombinant protein HR212 targeting heptad repeat 2 domain in spike protein S2 subunit elicits broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. MedComm 6, e70088 (2025).",
"volume": "6",
"year": "2025"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41467-020-19345-0",
"author": "P Du",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Nat. Commun.",
"key": "59145_CR3",
"unstructured": "Du, P. et al. Genomic surveillance of COVID-19 cases in Beijing. Nat. Commun. 11, 5503 (2020).",
"volume": "11",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41392-022-00997-x",
"author": "Y Fan",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "141",
"journal-title": "Signal Transduct. Target Ther.",
"key": "59145_CR4",
"unstructured": "Fan, Y. et al. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: recent progress and future perspectives. Signal Transduct. Target Ther. 7, 141 (2022).",
"volume": "7",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s11011-022-01048-8",
"author": "M Rani",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "2629",
"journal-title": "Metab. Brain Dis.",
"key": "59145_CR5",
"unstructured": "Rani, M., Uniyal, A., Akhilesh & Tiwari, V. Decrypting the cellular and molecular intricacies associated with COVID-19-induced chronic pain. Metab. Brain Dis. 37, 2629–2642 (2022).",
"volume": "37",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1183/13993003.01521-2022",
"author": "DH Dockrell",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "2201521",
"journal-title": "Eur. Respir. J.",
"key": "59145_CR6",
"unstructured": "Dockrell, D. H., Russell, C. D., McHugh, B. & Fraser, R. Does autonomous macrophage-driven inflammation promote alveolar damage in COVID-19? Eur. Respir. J. 60, 2201521 (2022).",
"volume": "60",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2",
"author": "HE Davis",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "133",
"journal-title": "Nat. Rev. Microbiol",
"key": "59145_CR7",
"unstructured": "Davis, H. E., McCorkell, L., Vogel, J. M. & Topol, E. J. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat. Rev. Microbiol 21, 133–146 (2023).",
"volume": "21",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41467-021-25015-6",
"author": "P Pan",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Nat. Commun.",
"key": "59145_CR8",
"unstructured": "Pan, P. et al. SARS-CoV-2 N protein promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation to induce hyperinflammation. Nat. Commun. 12, 4664 (2021).",
"volume": "12",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/jcla.24671",
"author": "H Chang",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "J. Clin. Lab Anal.",
"key": "59145_CR9",
"unstructured": "Chang, H. & Li, J. “Lymphocyte * Neutrophil” count decreased in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron patients in Shanghai with no significant change in CRP and SAA. J. Clin. Lab Anal. 36, e24671 (2022).",
"volume": "36",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.7717/peerj.13762",
"author": "K Suzuki",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "e13762",
"journal-title": "PeerJ",
"key": "59145_CR10",
"unstructured": "Suzuki, K., Ichikawa, T., Suzuki, S., Tanino, Y. & Kakinoki, Y. Clinical characteristics of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 omicron variant compared with the delta variant: a retrospective case-control study of 318 outpatients from a single sight institute in Japan. PeerJ 10, e13762 (2022).",
"volume": "10",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/rmv.2381",
"author": "LB Shrestha",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "e2381",
"journal-title": "Rev. Med Virol.",
"key": "59145_CR11",
"unstructured": "Shrestha, L. B., Foster, C., Rawlinson, W., Tedla, N. & Bull, R. A. Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants BA.1 to BA.5: Implications for immune escape and transmission. Rev. Med Virol. 32, e2381 (2022).",
"volume": "32",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1186/s12967-024-05022-z",
"author": "Q Yang",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "J. Transl. Med.",
"key": "59145_CR12",
"unstructured": "Yang, Q. et al. Deciphering the omicron variant: integrated omics analysis reveals critical biomarkers and pathophysiological pathways. J. Transl. Med. 22, 219 (2024).",
"volume": "22",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s12016-022-08921-5",
"author": "JJ Zhang",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "90",
"journal-title": "Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol.",
"key": "59145_CR13",
"unstructured": "Zhang, J. J., Dong, X., Liu, G. H. & Gao, Y. D. Risk and Protective Factors for COVID-19 Morbidity, Severity, and Mortality. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 64, 90–107 (2023).",
"volume": "64",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/jmv.28098",
"author": "AM Ali",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "5867",
"journal-title": "J. Med Virol.",
"key": "59145_CR14",
"unstructured": "Ali, A. M., Tofiq, A. M., Rostam, H. M., Ali, K. M. & Tawfeeq, H. M. Disease severity and efficacy of homologous vaccination among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Delta or Omicron VOCs, compared to unvaccinated using main biomarkers. J. Med Virol. 94, 5867–5876 (2022).",
"volume": "94",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00327-0",
"author": "C Menni",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "1618",
"journal-title": "Lancet",
"key": "59145_CR15",
"unstructured": "Menni, C. et al. Symptom prevalence, duration, and risk of hospital admission in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 during periods of omicron and delta variant dominance: a prospective observational study from the ZOE COVID Study. Lancet 399, 1618–1624 (2022).",
"volume": "399",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2022.1065345",
"author": "W Qiu",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Front Immunol.",
"key": "59145_CR16",
"unstructured": "Qiu, W. et al. The derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio can be the predictor of prognosis for COVID-19 Omicron BA.2 infected patients. Front Immunol. 13, 1065345 (2022).",
"volume": "13",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007",
"author": "A Sette",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "861",
"journal-title": "Cell",
"key": "59145_CR17",
"unstructured": "Sette, A. & Crotty, S. Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Cell 184, 861–880 (2021).",
"volume": "184",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/v14122629",
"author": "C Fernandez-de-Las-Penas",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "2629",
"journal-title": "Viruses",
"key": "59145_CR18",
"unstructured": "Fernandez-de-Las-Penas, C. et al. Long-COVID Symptoms in Individuals Infected with Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Viruses 14, 2629 (2022).",
"volume": "14",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/ehf2.15048",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "59145_CR19",
"unstructured": "Liu, H. et al. Clinical characteristics, diagnosis and short-term outcomes of COVID-19-associated acute myocarditis in China. ESC Heart Failure 12, 338–352 (2024)."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41392-022-01256-9",
"author": "R Nchioua",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "395",
"journal-title": "Signal Transduct. Target. Ther.",
"key": "59145_CR20",
"unstructured": "Nchioua, R. et al. Strong attenuation of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and increased replication of the BA.5 subvariant in human cardiomyocytes. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 7, 395 (2022).",
"volume": "7",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00387-9",
"author": "H Zhang",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "55",
"journal-title": "Lancet Respiratory Med.",
"key": "59145_CR21",
"unstructured": "Zhang, H. et al. 3-year outcomes of discharged survivors of COVID-19 following the SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) wave in 2022 in China: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Respiratory Med. 12, 55–66 (2024).",
"volume": "12",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1128/mbio.03129-23",
"author": "NS Tanneti",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "mBio",
"key": "59145_CR22",
"unstructured": "Tanneti, N. S. et al. Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in primary human nasal cultures demonstrates Delta as most cytopathic and Omicron as fastest replicating. mBio 15, e0312923 (2024).",
"volume": "15",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41467-023-37059-x",
"author": "R Uraki",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Nat. Commun.",
"key": "59145_CR23",
"unstructured": "Uraki, R. et al. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.75 clinical isolates. Nat. Commun. 14, 1620 (2023).",
"volume": "14",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107512",
"author": "M Pieri",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Int Immunopharmacol.",
"key": "59145_CR24",
"unstructured": "Pieri, M. et al. Serum Amyloid A Protein as a useful biomarker to predict COVID-19 patients severity and prognosis. Int Immunopharmacol. 95, 107512 (2021).",
"volume": "95",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155428",
"author": "W Sayah",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Cytokine",
"key": "59145_CR25",
"unstructured": "Sayah, W. et al. Interleukin-6, procalcitonin and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio: Potential immune-inflammatory parameters to identify severe and fatal forms of COVID-19. Cytokine 141, 155428 (2021).",
"volume": "141",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106040",
"author": "Z Jiang",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Comput Methods Prog. Biomed.",
"key": "59145_CR26",
"unstructured": "Jiang, Z. et al. An explainable machine learning algorithm for risk factor analysis of in-hospital mortality in sepsis survivors with ICU readmission. Comput Methods Prog. Biomed. 204, 106040 (2021).",
"volume": "204",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"author": "D Tirotta",
"first-page": "369",
"journal-title": "QJM",
"key": "59145_CR27",
"unstructured": "Tirotta, D. et al. Evaluation of the threshold value for the modified early warning score (MEWS) in medical septic patients: a secondary analysis of an Italian multicentric prospective cohort (SNOOPII study). QJM 110, 369–373 (2017).",
"volume": "110",
"year": "2017"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.isci.2020.100876",
"author": "TJ de Jesus",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "100876",
"journal-title": "iScience",
"key": "59145_CR28",
"unstructured": "de Jesus, T. J. & Ramakrishnan, P. NF-kappaB c-Rel Dictates the Inflammatory Threshold by Acting as a Transcriptional Repressor. iScience 23, 100876 (2020).",
"volume": "23",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2022.893365",
"author": "B Radovani",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "893365",
"journal-title": "Front Immunol.",
"key": "59145_CR29",
"unstructured": "Radovani, B. & Gudelj, I. N-Glycosylation and Inflammation; the Not-So-Sweet Relation. Front Immunol. 13, 893365 (2022).",
"volume": "13",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.11.004",
"author": "PJ Dalal",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "535",
"journal-title": "Am. J. Pathol.",
"key": "59145_CR30",
"unstructured": "Dalal, P. J., Muller, W. A. & Sullivan, D. P. Endothelial Cell Calcium Signaling during Barrier Function and Inflammation. Am. J. Pathol. 190, 535–542 (2020).",
"volume": "190",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1093/glycob/cwt014",
"author": "DW Scott",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "622",
"journal-title": "Glycobiology",
"key": "59145_CR31",
"unstructured": "Scott, D. W. & Patel, R. P. Endothelial heterogeneity and adhesion molecules N-glycosylation: implications in leukocyte trafficking in inflammation. Glycobiology 23, 622–633 (2013).",
"volume": "23",
"year": "2013"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1074/jbc.M512621200",
"author": "A Liwosz",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "23138",
"journal-title": "J. Biol. Chem.",
"key": "59145_CR32",
"unstructured": "Liwosz, A., Lei, T. & Kukuruzinska, M. A. N-glycosylation affects the molecular organization and stability of E-cadherin junctions. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 23138–23149 (2006).",
"volume": "281",
"year": "2006"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/ijo.2014.116",
"author": "Y Dai",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "1312",
"journal-title": "Int. J. Obes.",
"key": "59145_CR33",
"unstructured": "Dai, Y. et al. Association between obesity and sexual maturation in Chinese children: a muticenter study. Int. J. Obes. 38, 1312 (2014).",
"volume": "38",
"year": "2014"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/sj.cr.7310065",
"author": "L Qu",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "622",
"journal-title": "Cell Res",
"key": "59145_CR34",
"unstructured": "Qu, L. et al. Inhibition of the alpha-mannosidase Man2c1 gene expression enhances adhesion of Jurkat cells. Cell Res 16, 622–631 (2006).",
"volume": "16",
"year": "2006"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1083/jcb.201406120",
"author": "WA Comrie",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "457",
"journal-title": "J. Cell Biol.",
"key": "59145_CR35",
"unstructured": "Comrie, W. A., Li, S., Boyle, S. & Burkhardt, J. K. The dendritic cell cytoskeleton promotes T cell adhesion and activation by constraining ICAM-1 mobility. J. Cell Biol. 208, 457–473 (2015).",
"volume": "208",
"year": "2015"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1001/archderm.1970.04000120016003",
"author": "LM Solomon",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "598",
"journal-title": "Arch. Dermatol",
"key": "59145_CR36",
"unstructured": "Solomon, L. M., Fretzin, D. & Pruzansky, S. Pilosebaceous dysplasia in the oral-facial-digital syndrome. Arch. Dermatol 102, 598–602 (1970).",
"volume": "102",
"year": "1970"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.tcb.2006.07.004",
"author": "WH Ziegler",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "453",
"journal-title": "Trends Cell Biol.",
"key": "59145_CR37",
"unstructured": "Ziegler, W. H., Liddington, R. C. & Critchley, D. R. The structure and regulation of vinculin. Trends Cell Biol. 16, 453–460 (2006).",
"volume": "16",
"year": "2006"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.tem.2021.09.006",
"author": "LR Conroy",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "980",
"journal-title": "Trends Endocrinol. Metab.",
"key": "59145_CR38",
"unstructured": "Conroy, L. R., Hawkinson, T. R., Young, L. E. A., Gentry, M. S. & Sun, R. C. Emerging roles of N-linked glycosylation in brain physiology and disorders. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 32, 980–993 (2021).",
"volume": "32",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100933",
"author": "M Kermani-Alghoraishi",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "100933",
"journal-title": "Curr. Probl. Cardiol.",
"key": "59145_CR39",
"unstructured": "Kermani-Alghoraishi, M., Pouramini, A., Kafi, F. & Khosravi, A. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Severe Pericardial Effusion: From Pathogenesis to Management: A Case Report Based Systematic Review. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 47, 100933 (2022).",
"volume": "47",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1083/jcb.200112126",
"author": "O Barreiro",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "1233",
"journal-title": "J. cell Biol.",
"key": "59145_CR40",
"unstructured": "Barreiro, O. et al. Dynamic interaction of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 with moesin and ezrin in a novel endothelial docking structure for adherent leukocytes. J. cell Biol. 157, 1233–1245 (2002).",
"volume": "157",
"year": "2002"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00018-016-2325-8",
"author": "YL Dorland",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "279",
"journal-title": "Cell Mol. Life Sci.",
"key": "59145_CR41",
"unstructured": "Dorland, Y. L. & Huveneers, S. Cell-cell junctional mechanotransduction in endothelial remodeling. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 74, 279–292 (2017).",
"volume": "74",
"year": "2017"
},
{
"author": "C-W Chang",
"first-page": "3021",
"journal-title": "J. cell Sci.",
"key": "59145_CR42",
"unstructured": "Chang, C.-W. & Kumar, S. Vinculin tension distributions of individual stress fibers within cell–matrix adhesions. J. cell Sci. 126, 3021–3030 (2013).",
"volume": "126",
"year": "2013"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1111/nan.12784",
"author": "M Spörrer",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol.",
"key": "59145_CR43",
"unstructured": "Spörrer, M. et al. The desmin mutation R349P increases contractility and fragility of stem cell‐generated muscle micro‐tissues. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 48, e12784 (2022).",
"volume": "48",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/JLB.2MR0220-549R",
"author": "TM Bui",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "787",
"journal-title": "J. Leucoc. Biol.",
"key": "59145_CR44",
"unstructured": "Bui, T. M., Wiesolek, H. L. & Sumagin, R. ICAM-1: A master regulator of cellular responses in inflammation, injury resolution, and tumorigenesis. J. Leucoc. Biol. 108, 787–799 (2020).",
"volume": "108",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41586-023-06034-3",
"author": "E Pairo-Castineira",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "764",
"journal-title": "Nature",
"key": "59145_CR45",
"unstructured": "Pairo-Castineira, E. et al. GWAS and meta-analysis identifies 49 genetic variants underlying critical COVID-19. Nature 617, 764–768 (2023).",
"volume": "617",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105379",
"author": "LC Ferreira",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "105379",
"journal-title": "Infect., Genet. evolution: J. Mol. Epidemiol. Evolut. Genet. Infect. Dis.",
"key": "59145_CR46",
"unstructured": "Ferreira, L. C., Gomes, C. E. M., Rodrigues-Neto, J. F. & Jeronimo, S. M. B. Genome-wide association studies of COVID-19: Connecting the dots. Infect., Genet. evolution: J. Mol. Epidemiol. Evolut. Genet. Infect. Dis. 106, 105379 (2022).",
"volume": "106",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/jmv.28613",
"author": "Z Feng",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "J. Med. Virol.",
"key": "59145_CR47",
"unstructured": "Feng, Z. et al. Epidemiological features, genomic characteristics, and origin tracing of the COVID-19 outbreaks in Beijing from January to September 2022. J. Med. Virol. 95, e28613 (2023).",
"volume": "95",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41586-023-06753-7",
"author": "A Yisimayi",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "148",
"journal-title": "Nature",
"key": "59145_CR48",
"unstructured": "Yisimayi, A. et al. Repeated Omicron exposures override ancestral SARS-CoV-2 immune imprinting. Nature 625, 148–156 (2024).",
"volume": "625",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1093/nar/gkab1038",
"author": "Y Perez-Riverol",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "D543",
"journal-title": "Nucleic Acids Res.",
"key": "59145_CR49",
"unstructured": "Perez-Riverol, Y. et al. The PRIDE database resources in 2022: a hub for mass spectrometry-based proteomics evidences. Nucleic Acids Res. 50, D543–D552 (2022).",
"volume": "50",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.028",
"author": "S Arber Raviv",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "421",
"journal-title": "J. Control Release",
"key": "59145_CR50",
"unstructured": "Arber Raviv, S. et al. Lung targeted liposomes for treating ARDS. J. Control Release 346, 421–433 (2022).",
"volume": "346",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153635",
"author": "C Yang",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Phytomedicine",
"key": "59145_CR51",
"unstructured": "Yang, C. et al. Re-Du-Ning injection ameliorates LPS-induced lung injury through inhibiting neutrophil extracellular traps formation. Phytomedicine 90, 153635 (2021).",
"volume": "90",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.12.027",
"author": "H Parhiz",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "50",
"journal-title": "J. Control Release",
"key": "59145_CR52",
"unstructured": "Parhiz, H. et al. Added to pre-existing inflammation, mRNA-lipid nanoparticles induce inflammation exacerbation (IE). J. Control Release 344, 50–61 (2022).",
"volume": "344",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107773",
"author": "Y Niu",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Int Immunopharmacol.",
"key": "59145_CR53",
"unstructured": "Niu, Y. et al. Intragastric and atomized administration of canagliflozin inhibit inflammatory cytokine storm in lipopolysaccharide-treated sepsis in mice: A potential COVID-19 treatment. Int Immunopharmacol. 96, 107773 (2021).",
"volume": "96",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.26508/lsa.202101226",
"author": "G Bombaci",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "e202101226",
"journal-title": "Life Sci. Alliance",
"key": "59145_CR54",
"unstructured": "Bombaci, G. et al. LRR-protein RNH1 dampens the inflammasome activation and is associated with COVID-19 severity. Life Sci. Alliance 5, e202101226 (2022).",
"volume": "5",
"year": "2022"
}
],
"reference-count": 54,
"references-count": 54,
"relation": {},
"resource": {
"primary": {
"URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-59145-y"
}
},
"score": 1,
"short-title": [],
"source": "Crossref",
"subject": [],
"subtitle": [],
"title": "VCL/ICAM-1 pathway is associated with lung inflammatory damage in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection",
"type": "journal-article",
"update-policy": "https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy",
"volume": "16"
}
