Rinsing away the threat: Antiviral mouthwashes and their efficacy (Review)
Oviya Thangamani, POTLURI Gayathri Kumar, Potluri Ravishankar, Supriti Brahma
World Academy of Sciences Journal, doi:10.3892/wasj.2025.366
The oral cavity is a gateway through which respiratory viruses, such as SARS CoV-2 enter. Thus, mouthwashes are potential routes of controlling the viral spread. The present review discusses the effectiveness of formulations containing povidone-iodine, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide and phthalocyanine derivatives. By disrupting viral structures, oxidizing proteins, inhibiting replication and modulating inflammation, these agents exert their antiviral effects. A systematic search on the PubMed and Google Scholar databases was conducted, including articles published between 2020 and 2025. The present review incorporates systematic reviews, as well as in vitro, in vivo, clinical and observational studies evaluating the virucidal activity, real-world efficacy and preventive potential of antiviral mouthwashes. From these studies, it is indicated that these mouthwashes markedly reduce salivary viral loads; however, this reduction is transient, formulation-dependent and requires repeated use. Other concerns are variability in effectiveness, potential for the disruption of the oral microbiome and improving user compliance. Future research is required to focus on the long-term safety of these products, determine prolonged antiviral activity and design optimized formulations. When used in combination with standard infection control practices, antiviral mouthwashes may be effective, low-cost adjuncts for reducing viral transmission, particularly in high-risk environments, such as healthcare and dental facilities. As further evidence becomes available, the integration of these mouthwashes into public health plans may enhance the preparedness for future viral outbreaks.
Authors' contributions OT wrote the original draft of the manuscript, and conducted the literature search. GK conceptualized the study. SB performed the literature review. PLR supervised the study and edited and revised the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Data authentication is not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable.
Patient consent for publication Not applicable.
Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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