Summary of COVID-19 smoking studies
1,811 patient smoking long COVID study: 37% lower long COVID (p=0.14).
Retrospective 1,811 COVID-19 patients in the UK, showing lower risk of self-reported long COVID with no smoking in the month before infection, not reaching statistical significance (p=0.14).
Apr 2022, medRxiv, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.22273792, https://c19p.org/paulsm
2. Razjouyan et al., Smoking Status and Factors associated with COVID-19 In-Hospital Mortality among US Veterans
7,846 patient smoking prophylaxis study: 3% lower mortality (p=0.8).Retrospective 10,074 hospitalized veterans with COVID-19 in the USA, showing higher risk of mortality for former smokers and no significant difference for current smokers.
Oct 2021, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, https://academic.oup.com/ntr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ntr/ntab223/6409756?login=false, https://c19p.org/razjouyansm
3. Mockeliunas et al., Risk Factors for COVID-19 and Respiratory Tract Infections during the Coronavirus Pandemic
1,000 patient smoking early treatment study: 134% more cases (p<0.0001).Retrospective 1,000 frontline healthcare workers in South Africa showing higher risk of COVID-19 for non-smokers.
Mar 2024, Vaccines, https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/3/329, https://c19p.org/mockeliunas
4. Pavlidou et al., Association of COVID-19 Infection with Sociodemographic, Anthropometric and Lifestyle Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Older Adults’ Population Aged over 65 Years Old
5,197 patient smoking prophylaxis study: 72% more cases (p=0.02).Retrospective 5,197 Greek adults over 65. After adjustment for confounders, COVID-19 infection was independently associated with poor sleep, low physical activity, low Mediterranean diet adherence, living in urban areas, smoking, obesity, depression, anxiety, stress, and poor health-related quality of life.
Nov 2023, Diseases, https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/11/4/165, https://c19p.org/pavlidousm
5. Akbar et al., The Association between Lifestyle Factors and COVID-19: Findings from Qatar Biobank
10,000 patient smoking prophylaxis study: 82% more cases (p<0.0001).Retrospective 10,000 adults in Qatar, showing lower risk of COVID-19 cases with smoking. Authors do not analyze COVID-19 severity.
Nov 2023, Nutrients, https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/7/1037, https://c19p.org/akbar2sm
6. Montini et al., Modifiable risk factors of COVID-19 in patients with multiple sclerosis: a single-centre case–control study
441 patient smoking prophylaxis study: 270% more cases (p<0.0001).Case control analysis with 149 multiple sclerosis patients and 292 matched controls in Italy, showing lower risk of COVID-19 cases with smoking.
Feb 2023, J. Neurology, https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00415-023-11618-0, https://c19p.org/montinism