Supplementary Data — Selenium for COVID-19: real-time meta-analysis of 12 studies (4 treatment studies and 8 sufficiency studies)

@CovidAnalysis, October 2026, Version 6V6 (V1 2023)

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c19early.org

October 2026

Selenium COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Hafizi (DB RCT)35%0.65 · 0.11–3.73death2/623/60CT¹ Holt80%0.20 · 0.03–1.44cases1/167445/15,060COVIDENCE UK Nimer−26%1.26 · 0.64–2.32hosp.12/57207/2,091 Nimer−9%1.09 · 0.57–1.97severe case12/57248/2,091 Vaisi53%0.47 · 0.32–0.81hosp.3,853 (n)102 (n) Vaisi15%0.85 · 0.40–0.97symp. case3,853 (n)102 (n)

00.511.52+

¹ CT: study uses combined treatment

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Fig. S1. All outcomes.

Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.