Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) as Potential Antiviral Agents: Synthesis, Biophysical Properties, Safety, Challenges and Future Directions─Update Review

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.3390/molecules30092004", "ISSN": [ "1420-3049" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules30092004", "abstract": "<jats:p>AgNPs have gained significant attention due to their unique physicochemical properties, making them valuable across a range of fields including medicine, textiles, and household products. With their strong antimicrobial and antiviral properties, AgNPs have shown promise in treating infections, particularly in wound care management. This review explores the mechanisms underlying the antiviral activities of AgNPs, as well as the methods used for their synthesis, which include physical, chemical, and biological approaches. The review also addresses the potential limitations of AgNPs, including their cytotoxicity to humans and the environment. The interaction between AgNPs and microorganisms, particularly viruses, varies based on synthesis methods and particle morphology. As viral infections, including resistant strains, present major global health challenges, there is a growing need for alternative antiviral therapies. Metal nanoparticles like AgNPs offer potential advantages over conventional antiviral drugs due to their broad target range, which reduces the likelihood of resistance development. This review highlights AgNPs’ effectiveness against a variety of viruses, such as HIV, hepatitis B, and respiratory syncytial virus, and discusses their potential for use in novel antiviral treatments. The review also examines AgNPs’ toxicity, offering insights into their future therapeutic roles.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "molecules30092004" ], "author": [ { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0337-2279", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Sati", "given": "Abhinav", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India" } ], "family": "Ranade", "given": "Tanvi N.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1995-136X", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, D.Y. Patil University, Nerul, Navi Mumbai 400706, India" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Mali", "given": "Suraj N.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates" }, { "name": "Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates" } ], "family": "Yasin", "given": "Haya Khader Ahmad", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4777-3114", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Samdani", "given": "Nehal", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4063-038X", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Satpute", "given": "Nikil Navnath", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra 835215, India" } ], "family": "Yadav", "given": "Susmita", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8945-6885", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Pratap", "given": "Amit P.", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Molecules", "container-title-short": "Molecules", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 5, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2025-05-01T10:49:02Z", "timestamp": 1746096542000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 5, 2 ] ], "date-time": "2025-05-02T11:46:54Z", "timestamp": 1746186414000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 5, 3 ] ], "date-time": "2025-05-03T04:05:14Z", "timestamp": 1746245114339, "version": "3.40.4" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "9", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 4, 30 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "9", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 5 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 4, 30 ] ], "date-time": "2025-04-30T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1745971200000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/9/2004/pdf", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "1968", "original-title": [], "page": "2004", "prefix": "10.3390", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 4, 30 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 4, 30 ] ] }, "publisher": "MDPI AG", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.2147/IJN.S496050", "article-title": "The Influence of the AgNPs Ligand on the Antiviral Activity Against HSV-2", "author": "Tomaszewska", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2659", "journal-title": "Int. 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