Modifiable risk factors of COVID-19 in patients with multiple sclerosis: a single-centre case–control study

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Rancoita has no potential conflicts of ' 'interest\xa0and reports no disclosures; Chiara Zanetta has no potential ' 'conflicts of interest\xa0and reports no disclosures; Lucia Moiola received ' 'compensation for speaking activities, and/or consulting services from Merck, ' 'Biogen, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, and TEVA; Federica Cugnata has no potential ' 'conflicts of interest\xa0and reports no disclosures; Federica Esposito received ' 'consulting and speaking fees from Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme; Maria A. Rocca ' 'received consulting fees from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, ' 'Roche; and speaker honoraria from AstraZaneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, ' 'Bromatech, Celgene, Genzyme, Horizon Therapeutics Italy, Merck Serono SpA, ' 'Novartis, Roche, Sanofi and Teva. She receives research support from the MS ' 'Society of Canada, the Italian Ministry of Health, and Fondazione Italiana ' 'Sclerosi Multipla. She is Associate Editor for <i>Multiple Sclerosis and ' 'Related Disorders</i>; Vittorio Martinelli received compensation for speaking ' 'and/or for consultancy and support for travel expenses and participation in ' 'Congresses from Biogen, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Genzyme and Teva Pharmaceutical ' 'Industries; Massimo Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the <i>Journal of ' 'Neurology</i>, Associate Editor of <i>Human Brain Mapping</i>, <i>Neurological ' 'Sciences,</i> and <i>Radiology</i>; received compensation for consulting ' 'services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi; ' 'speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, ' 'Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, ' 'Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, ' 'Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, ' 'Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, ' 'Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme; ' 'he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, ' 'Italian Ministry of Health, Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, and ARiSLA ' '(Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA).', 'order': 2, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Conflict of interest'}}, { 'value': 'Approval was received from the local ethical standards committee on human ' 'experimentation (Ethical committee approval no. 101/INT/2020), and written ' 'informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to study enrolment, ' 'according to the declaration of Helsinki.', 'order': 3, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Ethical standards'}}, { 'value': 'This content has been made available to all.', 'name': 'free', 'label': 'Free to read'}]}