The difference in the dietary inflammatory index, functional food, and antioxidants intake between COVID -19 patients and healthy persons
Mohajeri et al.,
The difference in the dietary inflammatory index, functional food, and antioxidants intake between COVID -19..,
Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, doi:10.3233/MNM-211521
Retrospective dietary survey analysis of 500 COVID-19 patients and 500 healthy matched controls in Iran, showing dietary inflammatory index associated with increased risk of COVID-19. IR.ARUMS.REC.1400.008.
Mohajeri et al., 29 Jan 2022, retrospective, Iran, preprint, 4 authors.
Abstract: 1
Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism xx (2022) x–xx
DOI:10.3233/MNM-211521
IOS Press
2
3
4
The difference in the dietary inflammatory
index, functional food, and antioxidants
intake between COVID -19 patients and
healthy persons
roo
f
1
Mahsa Mohajeria,b , Reza Mohajeryb,c , Ali Nematia,d,∗ and Farhad Pourfarzia,∗
6
a Digestive Disease Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
7
b Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Ardabil, Iran
8
c Energy Management Research Center, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
9
d Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil,
Au
tho
rP
5
Iran
10
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Abstract.
BACKGROUND: The healthy diet is important to maintain immunity against infection. This study aimed to assess and
compare the consumption of functional foods, some antioxidants, and dietary inflammatory index between Iranian COVID-19
patients and healthy persons.
METHODS: This case-control study was conducted between 1000 (500 cases and 500 controls) adults aged 18–65years in
Iran, that were sampling based on the snowball method and their information was collected electronically. The dietary intake
was assessed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ).
RESULTS: There was a significant difference (p = 0.044) in vitamin D consumption between healthy people and COVID19 patients. Vitamin E intake in healthy participants was significantly (p = 0.041) more than COVID-19 patients. There
was a significant difference in Zinc (p = 0.011), selenium (p = 0.021), and vitamin C (p = 0.023) between healthy persons
and COVID-19 patients. Healthy participants’ consumption of onion (56.5 ± 7.82 g/day), garlic (4.32 ± 0.01 g/day) and oat
(6.32 ± 0.71 g/day) was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) more than COVID-19 patients. With the increase of each unit in the score
of the dietary inflammatory index, the risk of COVID-19 incidence increased 1.63 times (OR = 1.63 95%CI: 1.54–1.72).
There was an inverse association between the consumption of antioxidants and functional foods with the risk of COVID-19
incidence in the study population (p ≤ 0.05).
cte
d
15
rre
14
Received 10 July 2021
Accepted 20 January 2022
Pre-press 29 January 2022
co
13
12
Un
11
∗ Corresponding author: Ali Nemati, Digestive Disease Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran. E-mail:
nutrition1391@gmail.com. and Farhad Pourfarzi, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical
Sciences, Ardabil, Iran. E-mail: farhad.pourfarzi@gmail.com.
ISSN 1973-798X/$35.00 © 2022 – IOS Press. All rights reserved.
2
28
29
30
31
32
M. Mohajeri et al. / The dietary inflammatory index, functional food, and antioxidants intake in COVID -19 patients
CONCLUSION: Healthy people consumption of antioxidants and functional foods was more than COVID-19 patients and
there was a significant inverse association between the risk of COVID- 19 incidence with the consumption of functional
foods and antioxidants. Increasing the dietary inflammatory index score increased the risk of COVID- 19 incidence. There
is a need for further clinical trials to confirm the effect of consuming functional foods and antioxidants on the prevention or
treatment of COVID-19.
33
34
roo
f
Keywords: COVID-19, antioxidants, functional foods, dietary inflammatory index
mohajeri
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and
treatments are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should
be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention
is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not
provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified
physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and
benefits based on your medical history and situation.
FLCCC and
WCH
provide treatment protocols.
Submit