In vitro study showing that TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) inhibits SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-induced cell-cell fusion and syncytia formation across multiple cell types and viral variants.
Duan et al., 14 Feb 2026, peer-reviewed, 11 authors.
Contact: chenxin@scdc.sh.cn, mengguangxun@muhn.edu.cn.
In vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
Abstract: Cell
TNF inhibits SARS-CoV-2
Insight induced cell-cell fusion
ELSEVIER
SDC4
SARS-CoV-2
infected cells
RhoA
Research Article
TNF inhibits SARS-CoV-2 induced cell-cell fusion through activating the SDC4-RhoA signaling to promote actin bundles formation
Dong Duan a,b,c,1 , Xu Zheng b,1 , Yanqiu Zhou d,1 , Mengmeng Cui b,2 , Yunyi Li d , Xiaoxian Cui d , Yuying Yang d , Min Chen d , Huanyu Wu d , Xin Chen d,* , Guangxun Meng a,b,c,**
a School of Life Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
- b State Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- c NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Life Sciences and Medical Technology, Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, Hainan, China
d Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200336, China
H I G H L I G H T S
- TNF effectively suppresses cell-cell fusion induced by various SARS-CoV-2 Spike variants across multiple cell types.
- As a primary inflammatory cytokine, TNF is released early during innate immune cell activation to restrict membrane fusion.
- TNF signals through the TNFR1 receptor and the TRADD/TRAF2/RIPK1 complex, subsequently activating the MAPK and SDC4 pathways to inhibit cell-cell fusion.
- Downstream signaling of SDC4/RhoA/ ROCK triggered by TNF promotes actin bundle formation, creating a mechanical barrier against cell-cell fusion.
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 Cell-cell fusion TNF SDC4
Actin bundle
* Corresponding author.
** Corresponding author. School of Life Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China. E-mail addresses: chenxin@scdc.sh.cn (X. Chen), mengguangxun@muhn.edu.cn (G. Meng).
1 These authors contributed equally to this work.
2 Present address: Department of Pharmacology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellin.2026.100310](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellin.2026.100310)
Received 23 September 2025; Received in revised form 12 February 2026; Accepted 12 February 2026
Available online 14 February 2026
2772-8927/ © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Wuhan University. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T
A B S T R A C T
SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced syncytia formation accelerates cell-to-cell transmission of the virus and enhances viral evasion by neutralizing antibodies. Host innate immune response plays a key role in controlling viral infection. Our present work identifies tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as a key cytokine quickly released from activated innate immune cells that suppresses SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated cell-cell fusion. Mechanistically, TNF signals through the TNFR1-TRADD/TRAF2/RIPK1-MAPK-SDC4 axis. SDC4 further activates the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway, which promotes cytoskeletal reorganization, leading to the formation of actin bundles at the
PAMPs
TNF
ROCK1/2)
Innate immune cells
TNFR1
TRADD/
TRAF2/RIPK1
MAPK
SDC4
RhoA
ROCK1/2
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Cell Insight
journal homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/cell-insight
uninfected neighboring
cells
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