Vitamin D level in COVID-19 patients has positive correlations with autophagy and negative correlations with disease severity
Hongna Dong, Yuqiu Hao, Peng Gao
Frontiers in Pharmacology, doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1388348
Background and Objectives: There is still incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Calcitriol, the main form of vitamin D in serum, regulates immune responses and increases resistance to pathogens, but the mechanism by which it protects against COVID-19 is uncertain. Autophagy has antiviral effects and helps to maintain homeostasis, but its specific role in COVID-19 is also uncertain. Both vitamin D and autophagy have important functions in the lung microenvironment. This study examined the relationship of serum vitamin D and autophagy-related proteins in patients with COVID-19 and evaluated their potential use as biomarkers. Methods: Blood samples from COVID-19 patients at the Second Hospital of Jilin University were collected. The levels of vitamin D, autophagy-related proteins (Becline 1 [BECN1] and autophagy-related 7 [ATG7]), and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-1β) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
Results: We examined 25 patients with mild/moderate COVID-19 and 27 patients with severe/critical COVID-19. The group with severe/critical COVID-19 had more abnormalities in many laboratory indicators, including lower levels of autophagy markers (BECN1 and ATG7) and vitamin D, and higher levels of inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-1β). Partial correlation analysis showed that vitamin D had strong positive correlations with ATG7 (r = 0.819, p < 0.001) and BECN1 (r = 0.900, p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that the vitamin D level had significant negative correlations with COVID-19 severity and strong positive correlations with autophagy. These findings enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of COVID-19, and provide a theoretical basis for clinical interventions that target autophagy and vitamin D.
Ethics statement The studies involving humans were approved by the Ethics Committee of Second Hospital of Jilin University. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions HD: Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing. YH: Writing-review and editing. PG: Conceptualization, Writing-review and editing.
Conflict of interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1388348/ full#supplementary-material
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'abstract': '<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives</jats:title><jats:p>There is still incomplete '
'understanding of the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Calcitriol, the main form of vitamin D in '
'serum, regulates immune responses and increases resistance to pathogens, but the mechanism by '
'which it protects against COVID-19 is uncertain. Autophagy has antiviral effects and helps to '
'maintain homeostasis, but its specific role in COVID-19 is also uncertain. Both vitamin D and '
'autophagy have important functions in the lung microenvironment. This study examined the '
'relationship of serum vitamin D and autophagy-related proteins in patients with COVID-19 and '
'evaluated their potential use as '
'biomarkers.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Blood '
'samples from COVID-19 patients at the Second Hospital of Jilin University were collected. The '
'levels of vitamin D, autophagy-related proteins (Becline 1 [BECN1] and autophagy-related 7 '
'[ATG7]), and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-1β) were measured using enzyme-linked '
'immunosorbent assays.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>We '
'examined 25 patients with mild/moderate COVID-19 and 27 patients with severe/critical '
'COVID-19. The group with severe/critical COVID-19 had more abnormalities in many laboratory '
'indicators, including lower levels of autophagy markers (BECN1 and ATG7) and vitamin D, and '
'higher levels of inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-1β). Partial correlation analysis showed '
'that vitamin D had strong positive correlations with ATG7 (r = 0.819, '
'<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and BECN1 (r = 0.900, '
'<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; '
'0.001).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>Our results '
'demonstrated that the vitamin D level had significant negative correlations with COVID-19 '
'severity and strong positive correlations with autophagy. These findings enhance our '
'understanding of the pathogenesis of COVID-19, and provide a theoretical basis for clinical '
'interventions that target autophagy and vitamin D.</jats:p></jats:sec>',
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