Selected Cannabinoids, Cannabimimetic Agents and Artemisia Combinations as Theoretical Adjunct Strategies Against COVID-19

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.3390/ph19060869", "ISSN": [ "1424-8247" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph19060869", "abstract": "<jats:p>COVID-19 has spurred much interest in complementary and alternative agents for therapeutic purposes having antiviral and immunomodulatory effects. In these, natural products and bioactive compounds from plants have been at the center of attention due to their easy access, relatively low risk and long history of use in traditional medicine. This paper reviews in detail and critically assesses the scientific data that presently proposes the use of certain cannabinoids, cannabimimetic compounds and Artemisia species in the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. It gives an account of medicinal approaches to cannabinoids like cannabidiol (CBD), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) alongside other minor cannabinoids and synthetic and naturally-occurring cannabimimetics. The paper reports the potential of Artemisia annua and other species as treatments, especially focusing on their antiviral, anti-regulatory, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. It highlights the molecular interactions with SARS-CoV-2 targets as well as cytokine regulation and modulation of oxidative stress pathways, with special emphasis on these areas. The paper raises multiple issues like preclinical and clinical studies, safety aspects, regulatory hurdles and drawbacks related to the use of these natural compounds. After analyzing all the available data, the article entertains the idea of a cannabinoid–Artemisia combination as a supportive or adjunct therapy in COVID-19 treatment. It also points out that the clinical trials are insufficient concerning the establishment of effectiveness, determination of the appropriate dosage and assurance of the long-term safety of the treatment.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "ph19060869" ], "author": [ { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1417-5050", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Natural Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Andries Potgieter Blvd, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Chiririwa", "given": "Harry", "role": [ { "role": "author", "vocabulary": "crossref" } ], "sequence": "first" } ], "container-title": "Pharmaceuticals", "container-title-short": "Pharmaceuticals", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 6, 4 ] ], "date-time": "2026-06-04T01:08:02Z", "timestamp": 1780535282000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 6, 4 ] ], "date-time": "2026-06-04T01:15:47Z", "timestamp": 1780535747000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 6, 4 ] ], "date-time": "2026-06-04T02:04:26Z", "timestamp": 1780538666055, "version": "3.54.1" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "6", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 5, 30 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "6", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 6 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 5, 30 ] ], "date-time": "2026-05-30T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1780099200000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/19/6/869/pdf", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "1968", "original-title": [], "page": "869", "prefix": "10.3390", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 5, 30 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 5, 30 ] ] }, "publisher": "MDPI AG", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.3389/fgene.2021.693916", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_1", "unstructured": "Zeyaullah, M., AlShahrani, A.M., Muzammil, K., Ahmad, I., Alam, S., Khan, W.H., and Ahmad, R. 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