Correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D/D3 Deficiency and COVID-19 Disease Severity in Adults from Northern Colorado

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.3390/nu14245204", "ISSN": [ "2072-6643" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14245204", "abstract": "<jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is common in the United States and leads to altered immune function, including T cell and macrophage activity that may impact responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study investigated 131 adults with a history of a positive SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal PCR and 18 adults with no COVID-19 diagnosis that were recruited from the community or hospital into the Northern Colorado Coronavirus Biorepository (NoCo-COBIO). Participants consented to enrollment for a period of 6 months and provided biospecimens at multiple visits for longitudinal analysis. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were quantified by LC-MS/MS at the initial visit (n = 149) and after 4 months (n = 89). Adults were classified as deficient (&lt;30 nM or &lt;12 ng/mL), insufficient (&lt;30–50 nM or 12–20 ng/mL), or optimal (50–75 nM or &gt;20 ng/mL) for 25-hydroxyvitamin D status. Fisher’s exact test demonstrated an association between disease severity, gender, and body mass index (BMI) at baseline. Mixed model analyses with Tukey-Kramer were used for longitudinal analysis according to BMI. Sixty-nine percent (n = 103) of the entire cohort had optimal levels of total 25(OH)D, 22% (n = 32) had insufficient levels, and 9% (n = 14) had deficent levels. Participants with severe disease (n = 37) had significantly lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (total 25(OH)D) when compared to adults with mild disease (p = 0.006) or no COVID-19 diagnosis (p = 0.007). There was 44% of the cohort with post-acute sequalae of COVID-19 (PASC) as defined by experiencing at least one of the following symptoms after 60 days’ post-infection: fatigue, dyspnea, joint pain, chest pain, forgetfulness or absent-mindedness, confusion, or difficulty breathing. While significant differences were detected in 25-hydroxyvitamin D status by sex and BMI, there were no correlations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D for those without and without PASC. This longitudinal study of COVID-19 survivors demonstrates an important association between sex, BMI, and disease severity for 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency during acute stages of infection, yet it is not clear whether supplementation efforts would influence long term outcomes such as developing PASC.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "nu14245204" ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Baxter", "given": "Bridget A.", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Ryan", "given": "Michaela G.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "LaVergne", "given": "Stephanie M.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Stromberg", "given": "Sophia", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Berry", "given": "Kailey", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Tipton", "given": "Madison", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Natter", "given": "Nicole", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2414-2025", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Nudell", "given": "Nikiah", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9348-9954", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "McFann", "given": "Kim", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Dunn", "given": "Julie", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4547-3787", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Webb", "given": "Tracy L.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Armstrong", "given": "Michael", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0425-8012", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Reisdorph", "given": "Nichole", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1577-0919", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Ryan", "given": "Elizabeth P.", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Nutrients", "container-title-short": "Nutrients", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 7 ] ], "date-time": "2022-12-07T09:00:37Z", "timestamp": 1670403637000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 7 ] ], "date-time": "2022-12-07T10:03:47Z", "timestamp": 1670407427000 }, "funder": [ { "name": "translational research infrastructure in the Colorado State University department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences" }, { "name": "CSU Vice President for the Research Office to Elizabeth P. Ryan" }, { "award": [ "1S10OD010366-01A1" ], "name": "UCHealth North Foundation Funds to Julie Dunn" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 7 ] ], "date-time": "2022-12-07T10:42:20Z", "timestamp": 1670409740988 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "24", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 7 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "24", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 7 ] ], "date-time": "2022-12-07T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1670371200000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/24/5204/pdf", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "1968", "original-title": [], "page": "5204", "prefix": "10.3390", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 7 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 7 ] ] }, "publisher": "MDPI AG", "reference": [ { "key": "ref_1", "unstructured": "Ross, A.C., Taylor, C.L., Yaktine, A.L., and Del Valle, H.B. 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