Computational characterization of inhaled droplet transport to the nasopharynx

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1038/s41598-021-85765-7", "ISSN": [ "2045-2322" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85765-7", "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>How human respiratory physiology and the transport phenomena associated with inhaled airflow in the upper airway proceed to impact transmission of SARS-CoV-2, leading to the initial infection, stays an open question. An answer can help determine the susceptibility of an individual on exposure to a COVID-2019 carrier and can also provide a preliminary projection of the still-unknown infectious dose for the disease. Computational fluid mechanics enabled tracking of respiratory transport in medical imaging-based anatomic domains shows that the regional deposition of virus-laden inhaled droplets at the initial nasopharyngeal infection site peaks for the droplet size range of approximately 2.5–19 <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\upmu $$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi>\n </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>. Through integrating the numerical findings on inhaled transmission with sputum assessment data from hospitalized COVID-19 patients and earlier measurements of ejecta size distribution generated during regular speech, this study further reveals that the number of virions that may go on to establish the SARS-CoV-2 infection in a subject could merely be in the order of hundreds.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "85765" ], "article-number": "6652", "assertion": [ { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Received", "name": "received", "order": 1, "value": "2 October 2020" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Accepted", "name": "accepted", "order": 2, "value": "5 March 2021" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "First Online", "name": "first_online", "order": 3, "value": "23 March 2021" }, { "group": { "label": "Competing interests", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 1, "value": "The author declares no competing interests." } ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Basu", "given": "Saikat", "sequence": "first" } ], "container-title": "Scientific Reports", "container-title-short": "Sci Rep", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [ "link.springer.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 3, 23 ] ], "date-time": "2021-03-23T11:04:44Z", "timestamp": 1616497484000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 1, 30 ] ], "date-time": "2023-01-30T03:05:37Z", "timestamp": 1675047937000 }, "funder": [ { "DOI": "10.13039/100000001", "award": [ "2028069" ], "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "name": "National Science Foundation" }, { "name": "Faculty Start-up Package at South Dakota State University" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 6, 11 ] ], "date-time": "2024-06-11T11:15:13Z", "timestamp": 1718104513740 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 42, "issue": "1", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 3, 23 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "1", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 12 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 3, 23 ] ], "date-time": "2021-03-23T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1616457600000 } }, { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 3, 23 ] ], "date-time": "2021-03-23T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1616457600000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-85765-7.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-85765-7", "content-type": "text/html", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-85765-7.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "297", "original-title": [], "prefix": "10.1038", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 3, 23 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 3, 23 ] ] }, "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC", "reference": [ { "key": "85765_CR1", "unstructured": "Johns-Hopkins-University. 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