Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of oral N‐acetylcysteine in patients with COVID‐19 receiving the routine antiviral and hydroxychloroquine protocol: A randomized controlled clinical trial

{ 'indexed': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 22]], 'date-time': '2023-11-22T00:26:04Z', 'timestamp': 1700612764728}, 'reference-count': 63, 'publisher': 'Wiley', 'issue': '11', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 20]], 'date-time': '2023-11-20T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1700438400000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 19, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['onlinelibrary.wiley.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': True}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2023, 11]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>The ' 'current absence of gold‐standard or all‐aspect favorable therapies for COVID‐19 renders a ' 'focus on multipotential drugs proposed to prevent or treat this infection or ameliorate its ' 'signs and symptoms vitally important. The present well‐designed randomized controlled trial ' '(RCT) sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) as adjuvant ' 'therapy for 60 hospitalized Iranian patients with ' 'COVID‐19.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Two 30‐person ' 'diets, comprising 15 single diets of Kaletra (lopinavir/ritonavir) + hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) ' 'with/without NAC (600 mg TDS) and atazanavir/ritonavir + HCQ with/without NAC (600 mg TDS), ' 'were administered in the ' 'study.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>At the end of the ' 'study, a further decrease in C‐reactive protein was observed in the NAC group ' '(<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.008), and no death occurred in the ' 'atazanavir/ritonavir + HCQ + NAC group, showing that the combination of these drugs may ' 'reduce mortality. The atazanavir/ritonavir + HCQ and atazanavir/ritonavir + NAC groups ' 'exhibited the highest O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> saturation at the end of the study and a ' 'significant rise in O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> saturation following intervention commencement, ' 'including NAC (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Accordingly, oral or ' 'intravenous NAC, if indicated, may enhance O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> saturation, blunt the ' 'inflammation trend (by reducing C‐reactive protein), and lower mortality in hospitalized ' 'patients with ' 'COVID‐19.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>The NAC ' 'could be more effective as prophylactic or adjuvant therapy in stable non‐severe cases of ' 'COVID‐19 with a particularly positive role in the augmentation of O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> ' 'saturation and faster reduction of the CRP level and inflammation or could be effective for ' 'better controlling of COVID‐19 or its therapy‐related side effects.</jats:p></jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1002/iid3.1083', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 21]], 'date-time': '2023-11-21T21:42:09Z', 'timestamp': 1700602929000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of oral <i>N</i>‐acetylcysteine in patients with COVID‐19 ' 'receiving the routine antiviral and hydroxychloroquine protocol: A randomized controlled ' 'clinical trial', 'prefix': '10.1002', 'volume': '11', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1053-2441', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Najmolsadat', 'family': 'Atefi', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Dermatology, Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical ' 'Research Development Center (RCRDC), School of Medicine Iran ' 'University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1249-4429', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Azadeh', 'family': 'Goodarzi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Dermatology, Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical ' 'Research Development Center (RCRDC), School of Medicine Iran ' 'University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7381-0790', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Taghi', 'family': 'Riahi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine Iran ' 'University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0307-6014', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Niloofar', 'family': 'Khodabandehloo', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine Iran ' 'University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3133-7859', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Mahshid', 'family': 'Talebi Taher', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, ' 'Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Immunology and ' 'Infectious Disease Research Institute Iran University of Medical ' 'Sciences Tehran Iran'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4245-1980', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Niloufar', 'family': 'Najar Nobari', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Dermatology, Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical ' 'Research Development Center (RCRDC), School of Medicine Iran ' 'University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3794-6206', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Farnoosh', 'family': 'Seirafianpour', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Razi Drug Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences ' 'Tehran Iran'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1114-8660', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Zeinab', 'family': 'Mahdi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Dermatology, Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical ' 'Research Development Center (RCRDC), School of Medicine Iran ' 'University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran'}]}, { 'given': 'Amir', 'family': 'Baghestani', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of General Medicine, Rasool Akram Medical Complex, ' 'School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran ' 'Iran'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6913-3210', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Rohollah', 'family': 'Valizadeh', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia Iran'}]}], 'member': '311', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 20]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_2_1', 'first-page': '959', 'article-title': 'N‐acetylcysteine as a potential treatment for COVID‐19', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'Jorge‐Aarón R‐M', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Future Med'}, { 'issue': '10223', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_3_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '514', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9', 'article-title': 'A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel ' 'coronavirus indicating person‐to‐person transmission: a study of a ' 'family cluster', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'Chan JFW', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_4_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.envres.2020.109819', 'article-title': 'Transmission of COVID‐19 virus by droplets and aerosols: a critical ' 'review on the unresolved dichotomy', 'volume': '188', 'author': 'Jayaweera M', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Environ Res'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_5_1', 'article-title': 'Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk ' 'for COVID‐19 infection?', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Fang L', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Respir Med'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_6_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '67', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ceh.2021.09.002', 'article-title': 'Coronavirus disease‐2019 and its current scenario—a review', 'volume': '4', 'author': 'Bhat SA', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Clinical eHealth'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_7_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1111/dth.13986', 'article-title': 'Cutaneous manifestations and considerations in COVID‐19 pandemic: a ' 'systematic review', 'volume': '33', 'author': 'Seirafianpour F', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Dermatol Ther'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_8_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '14', 'DOI': '10.1186/s41479-021-00092-9', 'article-title': 'Acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID‐19: possible mechanisms ' 'and therapeutic management', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'Aslan A', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Pneumonia'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_9_1', 'first-page': '737', 'article-title': 'COVID‐19‐associated acute respiratory distress syndrome versus ' 'classical acute respiratory distress syndrome (a narrative review)', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'Krynytska I', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Iran J Microbiol'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_10_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '351', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bpa.2020.12.011', 'article-title': 'COVID‐19‐associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS): ' 'current knowledge on pathophysiology and ICU treatment—a narrative ' 'review', 'volume': '35', 'author': 'Pfortmueller CA', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_11_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '46', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ajem.2022.01.028', 'article-title': 'Clinical update on COVID‐19 for the emergency clinician: presentation ' 'and evaluation', 'volume': '54', 'author': 'Long B', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Am J Emerg Med'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_12_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '250', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.26232', 'article-title': 'The cytokine storm and COVID‐19', 'volume': '93', 'author': 'Hu B', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J Med Virol'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_13_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '773', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30195-X', 'article-title': 'Real estimates of mortality following COVID‐19 infection', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'Baud D', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Infect Dis'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_14_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.34172/npj.2021.06', 'article-title': 'Lessons of mortality following COVID‐19 epidemic in the United States ' 'especially in the geriatrics', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'Daneshfar M', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J Nephropharmacol'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_15_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '507', 'DOI': '10.1080/08923973.2021.1953063', 'article-title': 'A systematic review on efficacy, safety, and treatment‐durability of ' 'low‐dose rituximab for the treatment of pemphigus: special focus on ' 'COVID‐19 pandemic concerns', 'volume': '43', 'author': 'Tavakolpour S', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_16_1', 'first-page': '69', 'article-title': 'Brief review of N‐acetylcysteine as antiviral agent: potential ' 'application in COVID‐19', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Dass E', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J Biomed Pharm Res'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_17_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173494', 'article-title': 'Application of methylene blue‐vitamin C–N‐acetyl cysteine for treatment ' 'of critically ill COVID‐19 patients, report of a phase‐I clinical trial', 'volume': '885', 'author': 'Alamdari DH', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Eur J Pharmacol'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_18_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1567', 'DOI': '10.21873/invivo.11946', 'article-title': 'COVID‐19: the potential role of copper and N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) in a ' 'combination of candidate antiviral treatments against SARS‐CoV‐2', 'volume': '34', 'author': 'Andreou A', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'In Vivo'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_19_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '53', 'DOI': '10.36348/sjbr.2020.v05i04.003', 'article-title': 'MNa theory: triple therapy to COVID‐19: minocycline, N‐acetylcysteine ' 'and aspirin', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Hamad MNM', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Saudi J Biomed Res'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_20_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110133', 'article-title': 'N‐acetycysteine: a potential therapeutic agent in COVID‐19 infection', 'volume': '144', 'author': 'Jaiswal N', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Med Hypotheses'}, { 'issue': '10', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_21_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2668', 'DOI': '10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00299', 'article-title': 'Protective role of glutathione against peroxynitrite‐mediated DNA ' 'damage during acute inflammation', 'volume': '33', 'author': 'Ahmed N', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Chem Res Toxicol'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_22_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109778', 'article-title': 'N‐acetyl‐cysteine may prevent COVID‐19‐associated cytokine storm and ' 'acute respiratory distress syndrome', 'volume': '140', 'author': 'Assimakopoulos SF', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Med Hypotheses'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_23_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.5812/iji.106361', 'article-title': 'N‐acetylcysteine in severe COVID‐19: the possible mechanism', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'Hasan MJ', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Int J Infect'}, { 'issue': '9', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_24_1', 'first-page': '122', 'article-title': 'N‐acetyl cysteine (NAC) and COVID‐19 treatment: new hopes in old ' 'medication', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'Hatami N', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Int J Multidiscip Res Anal'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_25_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1047', 'DOI': '10.2147/TCRM.S273700', 'article-title': 'N‐acetylcysteine to combat COVID‐19: an evidence review', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'Shi Z', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Ther Clin Risk Manag'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_26_1', 'unstructured': 'Van HeckeO LeeJ.N‐acetylcysteine: a rapid review of the evidence for ' 'effectiveness in treating COVID‐19.2020.'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_27_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109862', 'article-title': 'N‐acetylcysteine: a potential therapeutic agent for SARS‐CoV‐2', 'volume': '143', 'author': 'Poe FL', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Med Hypotheses'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_28_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '130', 'DOI': '10.31053/1853.0605.v77.n2.28410', 'article-title': 'COVID‐19 neurologic manifestation', 'volume': '77', 'author': 'Ocampo Rojas SJ', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba'}, { 'issue': '11', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_29_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1166', 'DOI': '10.1002/phar.2464', 'article-title': 'Acetylcysteine for the treatment of suspected remdesivir‐associated ' 'acute liver failure in COVID‐19: a case series', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'Carothers C', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Pharmacotherapy'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_30_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'A1002', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.932', 'article-title': 'Corona virus disease‐19‐induced acute liver failure leading to severe ' 'metabolic acidosis', 'volume': '158', 'author': 'Sarkar S', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Chest'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_31_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '8293', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-018-26033-z', 'article-title': 'The effect of N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine (NAC) on liver toxicity and clinical ' 'outcome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'El‐Serafi I', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Sci Rep'}, { 'issue': '255', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_32_1', 'first-page': '140', 'article-title': '[The application of N‐acetylcysteine in optimization of specific ' 'pharmacological therapies]', 'volume': '43', 'author': 'Hołyńska‐Iwan I', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'Pol Merkur Lekarski'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_33_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '149', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12902-020-00626-0', 'article-title': 'Repurposing existing drugs for COVID‐19: an endocrinology perspective', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'Cadegiani FA', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'BMC Endocr Disord'}, { 'issue': '10', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_34_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '13185', 'DOI': '10.1096/fj.202001807', 'article-title': 'Rationale for the use of N‐acetylcysteine in both prevention and ' 'adjuvant therapy of COVID‐19', 'volume': '34', 'author': 'De Flora S', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'FASEB J'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_35_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '635', 'DOI': '10.21873/invivo.12302', 'article-title': 'Breast cancer surgery in the COVID‐19 pandemic: validation of a ' 'preventive program for patients and health care workers', 'volume': '35', 'author': 'Fregatti P', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'In Vivo'}, { 'issue': '11', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_36_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e736', 'DOI': '10.1093/cid/ciaa1443', 'article-title': 'Double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial with ' 'N‐acetylcysteine for treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome ' 'caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)', 'volume': '72', 'author': 'Alencar JCG', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Clin Infect Dis'}, { 'issue': '9', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_37_1', 'article-title': 'Spontaneous intraparenchymal hepatic hemorrhage as a sequela of ' 'COVID‐19', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'Daid SS', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Cureus'}, { 'issue': '10', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_38_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2238', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.26113', 'article-title': 'First case of focal epilepsy associated with SARS‐coronavirus‐2', 'volume': '92', 'author': 'Elgamasy S', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J Med Virol'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_39_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '69', 'DOI': '10.1080/15563650.2020.1758327', 'article-title': 'Truncated IV acetylcysteine treatment duration has potential to safely ' 'preserve resources during the COVID‐19 pandemic', 'volume': '59', 'author': 'Goodnough R', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Clin Toxicol'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_40_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '78', 'DOI': '10.1080/15563650.2020.1813298', 'article-title': 'Response to comment on truncated IV acetylcysteine treatment duration ' 'has potential to safely preserve resources during the COVID‐19 pandemic', 'volume': '59', 'author': 'Goodnough R', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Clin Toxicol'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_41_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109851', 'article-title': 'Three novel prevention, diagnostic, and treatment options for COVID‐19 ' 'urgently necessitating controlled randomized trials', 'volume': '143', 'author': 'Horowitz RI', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Med Hypotheses'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_42_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.clim.2020.108544', 'article-title': 'Therapeutic blockade of inflammation in severe COVID‐19 infection with ' 'intravenous N‐acetylcysteine', 'volume': '219', 'author': 'Ibrahim H', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Clin Immunol'}, { 'issue': '9', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_43_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '515', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41577-020-0407-1', 'article-title': 'Tissue damage from neutrophil‐induced oxidative stress in COVID‐19', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'Laforge M', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nat Rev Immunol'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_44_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '268', 'DOI': '10.2174/1389557520666201027160833', 'article-title': 'Perspectives for the use of N‐acetylcysteine as a candidate drug to ' 'treat COVID‐19', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'Luo P', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Mini Rev Med Chem'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_45_1', 'first-page': '94', 'article-title': 'Immune competence and minimizing susceptibility to COVID‐19 and other ' 'immune system threats', 'volume': '26', 'author': 'Meletis CD', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Altern Ther Health Med'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_46_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '768', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.06.003', 'article-title': 'Reactive oxygen species as an initiator of toxic innate immune ' 'responses in retort to SARS‐CoV‐2 in an ageing population, consider ' 'N‐acetylcysteine as early therapeutic intervention', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'Nasi A', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Toxicol Rep'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_47_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '77', 'DOI': '10.1080/15563650.2020.1809667', 'article-title': 'Comment on truncated IV acetylcysteine treatment duration has potential ' 'to safely preserve resources during the COVID‐19 pandemic', 'volume': '59', 'author': 'Wong A', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Clin Toxicol'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_48_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1584', 'DOI': '10.2174/18734316MTEyyNzY6y', 'article-title': 'The potential mechanism of N‐acetylcysteine in treating COVID‐19', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Zhou N', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Curr Pharm Biotechnol'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_49_1', 'first-page': '2802', 'article-title': 'Therapeutic potential of N‐acetyl cysteine (NAC) in preventing cytokine ' 'storm in COVID‐19: review of current evidence', 'volume': '25', 'author': 'Mohanty RR', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci'}, { 'issue': '14', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_50_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1207', 'DOI': '10.1089/ars.2020.8247', 'article-title': 'N‐acetylcysteine and hydrogen sulfide in coronavirus disease 2019', 'volume': '35', 'author': 'Bourgonje AR', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Antioxid Redox Signal'}, { 'issue': '12', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_51_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1111/ijcp.14720', 'article-title': 'Severe and life‐threatening COVID‐19‐related mucocutaneous eruptions: a ' 'systematic review', 'volume': '75', 'author': 'Mashayekhi F', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Int J Clin Pract'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_52_1', 'article-title': 'Efficacy of glutathione therapy in relieving dyspnea associated with ' 'COVID‐19 pneumonia: a report of 2 cases', 'volume': '30', 'author': 'Horowitz RI', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Respir Med Case Rep'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_53_1', 'first-page': '123', 'article-title': 'Geriatric challenges in the new coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) ' 'pandemic: a systematic review', 'volume': '34', 'author': 'Mohamadi M', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Med J Islam Repub Iran'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_54_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1111/dth.13733', 'article-title': 'Treatment of COVID‐19 with pentoxifylline: could it be a potential ' 'adjuvant therapy?', 'volume': '33', 'author': 'Seirafianpour F', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Dermatol Ther'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_55_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.34172/ipp.2021.36', 'article-title': 'Accuracy of chest computed tomography and reverse transcription ' 'polymerase chain reaction in diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus ' 'disease; a systematic review and meta‐analysis', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'Shokraee K', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Immunopathol Persa'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_56_1', 'first-page': '9', 'article-title': 'Systemic retinoids in the COVID‐19 era–are they helpful, safe, or ' 'harmful? A comprehensive systematized review', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'Sadeghzadeh‐Bazargan A', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Iran J Dermatol'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_57_1', 'first-page': '13', 'article-title': 'Cytokine storm and probable role of immunoregulatory drugs in COVID‐19: ' 'a comprehensive review', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'Sadeghzadeh‐Bazargan A', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Iranian J Dermatol'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_58_1', 'first-page': '4', 'article-title': 'A comprehensive review on COVID‐19 infection and comorbidities of ' 'various organs', 'author': 'Goodarzi A', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Acta Med Iranica'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_59_1', 'first-page': '865', 'article-title': 'The effect of influenza vaccine on severity of COVID‐19 infection: an ' 'original study from Iran', 'volume': '35', 'author': 'Kalantari S', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Med J Islam Repub Iran'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_60_1', 'first-page': '481', 'article-title': 'Histopathologic survey on lung necropsy specimens of 15 patients who ' 'died from COVID‐19: a large study from Iran with a high rate of ' 'anthracosis', 'volume': '35', 'author': 'Kooranifar S', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Med J Islam Repub Iran'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_61_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bios.2020.112752', 'article-title': 'COVID‐19 diagnosis—a review of current methods', 'volume': '172', 'author': 'Yüce M', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Biosens Bioelectron'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_62_1', 'first-page': '81', 'article-title': 'Histopathologic changes and cellular events of organs systems in ' 'COVID‐19', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'Nobari NN', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J Cell Mol Anesth'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_63_1', 'article-title': 'Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and ' 'mortality', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Tadayon Najafabadi B', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Cochrane Database Syst Rev'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'e_1_2_10_64_1', 'first-page': '870', 'article-title': 'The effect of opium on severity of COVID‐19 infection: an original ' 'study from Iran', 'volume': '35', 'author': 'Riahi T', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Med J Islam Repub Iran'}], 'container-title': 'Immunity, Inflammation and Disease', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/iid3.1083', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 21]], 'date-time': '2023-11-21T21:42:42Z', 'timestamp': 1700602962000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iid3.1083'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2023, 11]]}, 'references-count': 63, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '11', 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2023, 11]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['10.1002/iid3.1083'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iid3.1083', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['2050-4527', '2050-4527'], 'subject': ['Immunology', 'Immunology and Allergy'], 'container-title-short': 'Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2023, 11]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '2023-06-13', 'order': 0, 'name': 'received', 'label': 'Received', 'group': {'name': 'publication_history', 'label': 'Publication History'}}, { 'value': '2023-10-31', 'order': 1, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'publication_history', 'label': 'Publication History'}}, { 'value': '2023-11-20', 'order': 2, 'name': 'published', 'label': 'Published', 'group': {'name': 'publication_history', 'label': 'Publication History'}}]}