Relationship Between Dairy Intake and Hospitalization Risk and Disease Severity in Patients With COVID-19
Seyed Ali Abbas-Hashemi, Zahra Yari, Samira Soltanieh, Marieh Salavatizadeh, Sara Karimi, Sussan K Ardestani, Mohammadreza Salehi, Soodeh Razeghi Jahromi, Tooba Ghazanfari, Azita Hekmatdoost
Clinical Nutrition Research, doi:10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283
The aim of this study was to investigate whether dairy intake was associated with the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease and the probability of hospitalization of patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 141 patients with COVID-19 with an average age of 46.23 ± 15.88 years. The number of men (52.5%) participating in this study was higher than that of women. The association between dairy intake and COVID-19 was evaluated by multivariable logistic regression analysis. The risk of hospitalization in the highest tertile of dairy intake was 31% lower than in the lowest tertile (odds ratio [OR], 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37-1.25, p trend = 0.023). Higher milk and yogurt intake was associated with a reduced risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19. Patients in the third tertiles were about 65% (p for trend = 0.014) and 12% (p for trend = 0.050) less likely to be hospitalized than those in the first tertile, respectively. Dairy consumption, especially low-fat ones, was associated with a lower risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19 and lower severity of COVID-19.
Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Clinical parameters In this study, for measuring the height a wall-mounted stadiometer was used with 0.1 cm accuracy, also for weight measuring a digital scale with an accuracy of 0.1 kg was used. We calculate body mass index (BMI) by dividing weight (in kg) by height (in m 2 ). Biochemical parameters measured included white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP). WBCs were measured by microscopy method with a BA310 microscope (MOTIC, Barcelona, Spain). Lymphocytes and neutrophils were assessed by Mindary BC-6800 and NLR was calculated accordingly. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method was applied to measure IL-6 (Diaclone, Besançon, France) and CRP (Pars Azmoon Inc., Karaj, Iran).
Statistical analysis The data were analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 20.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The level that was considered statistically significant was < 0.05. For assessing the normality of variables, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov analysis was used. Quantitative data were reported as mean ± standard deviation or median (25-75), interquartile range and qualitative data as a percentage. Linear regression analysis was applied to comparing the basic characteristics of participants based on dairy intake tertiles. Logistic regression was carried out to evaluate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence..
References
Abdulah, Hassan, Relation of dietary factors with infection and mortality rates of COVID-19 across the world, J Nutr Health Aging,
doi:10.1007/s12603-020-1512-3Alimohamadi, Sepandi, Taghdir, Hosamirudsari, Determine the most common clinical symptoms in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Prev Med Hyg,
doi:10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2020.61.3.1530Batiha, Alqarni, Awad, Algammal, Nyamota et al., Dairy-derived and egg white proteins in enhancing immune system against COVID-19, Front Nutr,
doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.629440Brown-Riggs, Nutrition and health disparities: the role of dairy in improving minority health outcomes, Int J Environ Res Public Health,
doi:10.3390/ijerph13010028Calder, Carr, Gombart, Eggersdorfer, Optimal nutritional status for a well-functioning immune system is an important factor to protect against viral infections, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu12041181Cena, Chieppa, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19-SARS-CoV-2) and nutrition: is infection in Italy suggesting a connection?, Front Immunol,
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00944Chaari, Bendriss, Zakaria, Mcveigh, Importance of dietary changes during the coronavirus pandemic: how to upgrade your immune response, Front Public Health,
doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00476Cobre, Surek, Vilhena, Böger, Fachi et al., Influence of foods and nutrients on COVID-19 recovery: a multivariate analysis of data from 170 countries using a generalized linear model, Clin Nutr,
doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.03.018Darand, Hassanizadeh, Marzban, Mirzaei, Hosseinzadeh, The association between dairy products and the risk of COVID-19, Eur J Clin Nutr,
doi:10.1038/s41430-022-01149-8Emami, Javanmardi, Pirbonyeh, Akbari, Prevalence of underlying diseases in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Arch Acad Emerg Med
Fonseca, Rivas, Romaguera, Quijal, Czarlewski et al., Association between consumption of fermented vegetables and COVID-19 mortality at a country level in Europe. medRxiv. Forthcoming,
doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.20147025Ghazanfari, Salehi, Namaki, Arabkheradmand, Rostamian et al., Interpretation of hematological, biochemical, and immunological findings of COVID-19 disease: biomarkers associated with severity and mortality, Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol,
doi:10.18502/ijaai.v20i1.5412Gombart, Pierre, Maggini, A review of micronutrients and the immune system-working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu12010236Gouda, Adbelruhman, Alenezi, Mégarbane, Theoretical benefits of yogurt-derived bioactive peptides and probiotics in COVID-19 patients -a narrative review and hypotheses, Saudi J Biol Sci,
doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.046King, Glanville, Sanders, Fitzgerald, Varley, Effectiveness of probiotics on the duration of illness in healthy children and adults who develop common acute respiratory infectious conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Br J Nutr,
doi:10.1017/S0007114514000075Ksiazek, Erdman, Goldsmith, Zaki, Peret et al., A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome, N Engl J Med,
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030781Maggini, Pierre, Calder, Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu10101531Mirmiran, Esfahani, Mehrabi, Hedayati, Azizi, Reliability and relative validity of an FFQ for nutrients in the Tehran lipid and glucose study, Public Health Nutr,
doi:10.1017/S1368980009991698Mohseni, Amini, Abiri, Kalantar, Kaydani et al., Are history of dietary intake and food habits of patients with clinical symptoms of COVID 19 different from healthy controls? A case-control study, Clin Nutr ESPEN,
doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.01.021Morais, Aquino, Da Silva-Maia, Vale, Maciel et al., Nutritional status, diet and viral respiratory infections: perspectives for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Br J Nutr,
doi:10.1017/S0007114520003311Seidelmann, Claggett, Cheng, Henglin, Shah et al., Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis, Lancet Public Health,
doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30135-XSimonnet, Chetboun, Poissy, Raverdy, Noulette et al., LICORN and the Lille COVID-19 and Obesity study group. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, Obesity,
doi:10.1002/oby.22831Vouloumanou, Makris, Karageorgopoulos, Falagas, Probiotics for the prevention of respiratory tract infections: a systematic review, Int J Antimicrob Agents,
doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.11.005Yahfoufi, Alsadi, Jambi, Matar, The immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory role of polyphenols, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu10111618Yang, Zheng, Gou, Pu, Chen et al., Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Int J Infect Dis,
doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017Yoshii, Hosomi, Sawane, Kunisawa, Metabolism of dietary and microbial vitamin B Family in the regulation of host immunity, Front Nutr,
doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00048Young, Mine, Anti-inflammatory/oxidative stress proteins and peptides
{ 'DOI': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283',
'ISSN': ['2287-3732', '2287-3740'],
'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283',
'assertion': [ { 'group': {'label': 'Publication History', 'name': 'publication_history'},
'label': 'Received',
'name': 'received',
'value': '2023-05-06'},
{ 'group': {'label': 'Publication History', 'name': 'publication_history'},
'label': 'Revised',
'name': 'revised',
'value': '2023-09-16'},
{ 'group': {'label': 'Publication History', 'name': 'publication_history'},
'label': 'Accepted',
'name': 'accepted',
'value': '2023-09-24'},
{ 'group': {'label': 'Publication History', 'name': 'publication_history'},
'label': 'Published online',
'name': 'published_online',
'value': '2023-10-27'},
{ 'group': {'label': 'Copyright and Licensing', 'name': 'Copyright_and_licensing'},
'label': 'Copyright',
'name': 'copyright',
'value': 'Copyright © 2023. The Korean Society of Clinical Nutrition'},
{ 'explanation': {'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/'},
'group': {'label': 'Copyright and Licensing', 'name': 'Copyright_and_licensing'},
'label': 'License',
'name': 'license',
'value': 'This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative '
'Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License '
'(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted '
'non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the '
'original work is properly cited.'}],
'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8347-3625',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of '
'Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and '
'Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University '
'of Medical Science, Tehran 1985717413, Iran.'}],
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'family': 'Abbas-Hashemi',
'given': 'Seyed Ali',
'sequence': 'first'},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2796-2413',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food '
'Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences '
'and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical '
'Sciences, Tehran 1985717413, Iran.'}],
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'family': 'Yari',
'given': 'Zahra',
'sequence': 'additional'},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1224-0234',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of '
'Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and '
'Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University '
'of Medical Science, Tehran 1985717413, Iran.'}],
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'family': 'Soltanieh',
'given': 'Samira',
'sequence': 'additional'},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1005-5649',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of '
'Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and '
'Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University '
'of Medical Science, Tehran 1985717413, Iran.'}],
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'family': 'Salavatizadeh',
'given': 'Marieh',
'sequence': 'additional'},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6874-2893',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of '
'Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and '
'Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University '
'of Medical Science, Tehran 1985717413, Iran.'}],
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'family': 'Karimi',
'given': 'Sara',
'sequence': 'additional'},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7023-9285',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Immunology, Institute of Biochemistry and '
'Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran.'}],
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'family': 'Ardestani',
'given': 'Sussan K.',
'sequence': 'additional'},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2707-6027',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tehran '
'University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417466191, Iran.'}],
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'family': 'Salehi',
'given': 'Mohammadreza',
'sequence': 'additional'},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6696-6583',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of '
'Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and '
'Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University '
'of Medical Science, Tehran 1985717413, Iran.'}],
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'family': 'Jahromi',
'given': 'Soodeh Razeghi',
'sequence': 'additional'},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1049-7095',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tehran '
'University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417466191, Iran.'}],
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'family': 'Ghazanfari',
'given': 'Tooba',
'sequence': 'additional'},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1944-0052',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of '
'Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and '
'Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University '
'of Medical Science, Tehran 1985717413, Iran.'}],
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'family': 'Hekmatdoost',
'given': 'Azita',
'sequence': 'additional'}],
'container-title': 'Clinical Nutrition Research',
'container-title-short': 'Clin Nutr Res',
'content-domain': {'crossmark-restriction': False, 'domain': ['e-cnr.org']},
'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 3]], 'date-time': '2023-11-03T07:24:46Z', 'timestamp': 1698996286000},
'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 3]],
'date-time': '2023-11-03T07:29:47Z',
'timestamp': 1698996587000},
'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 4]], 'date-time': '2023-11-04T00:48:36Z', 'timestamp': 1699058916807},
'is-referenced-by-count': 0,
'issue': '4',
'issued': {'date-parts': [[2023]]},
'journal-issue': {'issue': '4', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023]]}},
'language': 'en',
'license': [ { 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/',
'content-version': 'tdm',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 1, 1]],
'date-time': '2023-01-01T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1672531200000}}],
'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://e-cnr.org/pdf/10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283',
'content-type': 'application/pdf',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'text-mining'},
{ 'URL': 'https://e-cnr.org/DOIx.php?id=10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283',
'content-type': 'unspecified',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'text-mining'},
{ 'URL': 'https://e-cnr.org/DOIx.php?id=10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283',
'content-type': 'unspecified',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}],
'member': '18617',
'original-title': [],
'page': '283',
'prefix': '10.7762',
'published': {'date-parts': [[2023]]},
'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023]]},
'publisher': 'XMLink',
'reference': [ { 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa030781',
'author': 'Ksiazek',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1953',
'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref1',
'volume': '348',
'year': '2003'},
{ 'author': 'Alimohamadi',
'first-page': 'E304',
'journal-title': 'J Prev Med Hyg',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref2',
'volume': '61',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'author': 'Emami',
'first-page': 'e35',
'journal-title': 'Arch Acad Emerg Med',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref3',
'volume': '8',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017',
'author': 'Yang',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '91',
'journal-title': 'Int J Infect Dis',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref4',
'volume': '94',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'DOI': '10.1002/oby.22831',
'author': 'Simonnet',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1195',
'journal-title': 'Obesity (Silver Spring)',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref5',
'volume': '28',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'DOI': '10.1038/s41387-021-00165-0',
'author': 'Calder',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '19',
'journal-title': 'Nutr Diabetes',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref6',
'volume': '11',
'year': '2021'},
{ 'DOI': '10.1017/S0007114520003311',
'author': 'Morais',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '851',
'journal-title': 'Br J Nutr',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref7',
'volume': '125',
'year': '2021'},
{ 'DOI': '10.3389/fpubh.2020.00476',
'author': 'Chaari',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '476',
'journal-title': 'Front Public Health',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref8',
'volume': '8',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'DOI': '10.3390/nu10101531',
'author': 'Maggini',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1531',
'journal-title': 'Nutrients',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref9',
'volume': '10',
'year': '2018'},
{ 'DOI': '10.3390/nu12010236',
'author': 'Gombart',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '236',
'journal-title': 'Nutrients',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref10',
'volume': '12',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'author': 'Fonseca',
'journal-title': 'medRxiv',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref11',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'DOI': '10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.046',
'author': 'Gouda',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '5897',
'journal-title': 'Saudi J Biol Sci',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref12',
'volume': '28',
'year': '2021'},
{ 'DOI': '10.3390/ijerph13010028',
'author': 'Brown-Riggs',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': 'ijerph13010028',
'journal-title': 'Int J Environ Res Public Health',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref13',
'volume': '13',
'year': '2015'},
{ 'author': 'Ghazanfari',
'first-page': '46',
'journal-title': 'Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref14',
'volume': '20',
'year': '2021'},
{ 'DOI': '10.1017/S1368980009991698',
'author': 'Mirmiran',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '654',
'journal-title': 'Public Health Nutr',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref15',
'volume': '13',
'year': '2010'},
{ 'DOI': '10.1038/s41430-022-01149-8',
'author': 'Darand',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1583',
'journal-title': 'Eur J Clin Nutr',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref16',
'volume': '76',
'year': '2022'},
{ 'DOI': '10.1016/j.clnu.2021.03.018',
'author': 'Cobre',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '3077',
'journal-title': 'Clin Nutr',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref17',
'volume': '41',
'year': '2022'},
{ 'DOI': '10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.01.021',
'author': 'Mohseni',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '280',
'journal-title': 'Clin Nutr ESPEN',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref18',
'volume': '42',
'year': '2021'},
{ 'DOI': '10.1007/s12603-020-1512-3',
'author': 'Abdulah',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1011',
'journal-title': 'J Nutr Health Aging',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref19',
'volume': '24',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'DOI': '10.3390/nu11081933',
'author': 'Childs',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1933',
'journal-title': 'Nutrients',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref20',
'volume': '11',
'year': '2019'},
{ 'DOI': '10.3390/nu12041181',
'author': 'Calder',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1181',
'journal-title': 'Nutrients',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref21',
'volume': '12',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'DOI': '10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30135-X',
'author': 'Seidelmann',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': 'e419',
'journal-title': 'Lancet Public Health',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref22',
'volume': '3',
'year': '2018'},
{ 'DOI': '10.3389/fimmu.2020.00944',
'author': 'Cena',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '944',
'journal-title': 'Front Immunol',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref23',
'volume': '11',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'DOI': '10.3390/nu10111618',
'author': 'Yahfoufi',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1618',
'journal-title': 'Nutrients',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref24',
'volume': '10',
'year': '2018'},
{ 'DOI': '10.3390/jcm7090258',
'author': 'Huang',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '258',
'journal-title': 'J Clin Med',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref25',
'volume': '7',
'year': '2018'},
{ 'DOI': '10.3389/fnut.2019.00048',
'author': 'Yoshii',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '48',
'journal-title': 'Front Nutr',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref26',
'volume': '6',
'year': '2019'},
{ 'DOI': '10.2119/2008-00033.Prasad',
'author': 'Prasad',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '353',
'journal-title': 'Mol Med',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref27',
'volume': '14',
'year': '2008'},
{ 'DOI': '10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000085',
'author': 'Calder',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '74',
'journal-title': 'BMJ Nutr Prev Health',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref28',
'volume': '3',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.11.005',
'author': 'Vouloumanou',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '197.e1',
'journal-title': 'Int J Antimicrob Agents',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref29',
'volume': '34',
'year': '2009'},
{ 'DOI': '10.1017/S0007114514000075',
'author': 'King',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '41',
'journal-title': 'Br J Nutr',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref30',
'volume': '112',
'year': '2014'},
{ 'DOI': '10.1016/j.plefa.2010.02.021',
'author': 'Reynolds',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '199',
'journal-title': 'Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref31',
'volume': '82',
'year': '2010'},
{ 'DOI': '10.3389/fnut.2021.629440',
'author': 'Batiha',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '629440',
'journal-title': 'Front Nutr',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref32',
'volume': '8',
'year': '2021'},
{ 'DOI': '10.1002/9780813811048.ch2',
'author': 'Young',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '13',
'key': '10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283_ref33',
'volume-title': 'Bioactive proteins and peptides as functional foods and nutraceuticals',
'year': '2010'}],
'reference-count': 33,
'references-count': 33,
'relation': {},
'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://e-cnr.org/DOIx.php?id=10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.283'}},
'score': 1,
'short-title': [],
'source': 'Crossref',
'subject': ['General Earth and Planetary Sciences', 'General Environmental Science'],
'subtitle': [],
'title': 'Relationship Between Dairy Intake and Hospitalization Risk and Disease Severity in Patients With '
'COVID-19',
'type': 'journal-article',
'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.7762/crossmark_policy',
'volume': '12'}
