Brain temperature and free water increases after mild COVID-19 infection

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1038/s41598-024-57561-6", "ISSN": [ "2045-2322" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57561-6", "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The pathophysiology underlying the post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 remains understudied and poorly understood, particularly in healthy adults with a history of mild infection. Chronic neuroinflammation may underlie these enduring symptoms, but studying neuroinflammatory phenomena in vivo is challenging, especially without a comparable pre-COVID-19 dataset. In this study, we present a unique dataset of 10 otherwise healthy individuals scanned before and after experiencing mild COVID-19. Two emerging MR-based methods were used to map pre- to post-COVID-19 brain temperature and free water changes. Post-COVID-19 brain temperature and free water increases, which are indirect biomarkers of neuroinflammation, were found in structures functionally associated with olfactory, cognitive, and memory processing. The largest pre- to post-COVID brain temperature increase was observed in the left olfactory tubercle (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.007, 95% CI [0.48, 3.01]), with a mean increase of 1.75 °C. Notably, the olfactory tubercle is also the region of the primary olfactory cortex where participants with chronic olfactory dysfunction showed the most pronounced increases as compared to those without lingering olfactory dysfunction (adjusted <jats:italic>p</jats:italic><jats:sub>FDR</jats:sub> = 0.0189, 95% CI [1.42, 5.27]). These preliminary insights suggest a potential link between neuroinflammation and chronic cognitive and olfactory dysfunction following mild COVID-19, although further investigations are needed to improve our understanding of what underlies these phenomena.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "57561" ], "article-number": "7450", "assertion": [ { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Received", "name": "received", "order": 1, "value": "12 September 2023" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Accepted", "name": "accepted", "order": 2, "value": "19 March 2024" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "First Online", "name": "first_online", "order": 3, "value": "28 March 2024" }, { "group": { "label": "Competing interests", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 1, "value": "The authors declare no competing interests." } ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Sharma", "given": "Ayushe A.", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Nenert", "given": "Rodolphe", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Goodman", "given": "Adam M.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Szaflarski", "given": "Jerzy P.", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Scientific Reports", "container-title-short": "Sci Rep", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [ "link.springer.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 3, 28 ] ], "date-time": "2024-03-28T22:01:38Z", "timestamp": 1711663298000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 3, 28 ] ], "date-time": "2024-03-28T23:01:24Z", "timestamp": 1711666884000 }, "funder": [ { "award": [ "1F31NS129288-01", "T32-NS061788-13" ], "name": "U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke" }, { "name": "In addition to the funders listed above (PI: AS), the State of Alabama General Fund and the UAB Epilepsy Center supported this study" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 3, 29 ] ], "date-time": "2024-03-29T01:30:19Z", "timestamp": 1711675819149 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "1", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 3, 28 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "1", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 12 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 3, 28 ] ], "date-time": "2024-03-28T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1711584000000 } }, { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 3, 28 ] ], "date-time": "2024-03-28T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1711584000000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57561-6.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57561-6", "content-type": "text/html", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57561-6.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "297", "original-title": [], "prefix": "10.1038", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 3, 28 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 3, 28 ] ] }, "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1093/fampra/cmab076", "author": "SAM Van Kessel", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "159", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Fam. 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