Brain temperature and free water increases after mild COVID-19 infection

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 3, 29]], 'date-time': '2024-03-29T01:30:19Z', 'timestamp': 1711675819149}, 'reference-count': 66, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 3, 28]], 'date-time': '2024-03-28T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1711584000000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 3, 28]], 'date-time': '2024-03-28T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1711584000000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}], 'funder': [ { 'name': 'U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of ' 'Neurological Disorders and Stroke', 'award': ['1F31NS129288-01', 'T32-NS061788-13']}, { 'name': 'In addition to the funders listed above (PI: AS), the State of Alabama General Fund ' 'and the UAB Epilepsy Center supported this study'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The pathophysiology underlying the post-acute ' 'sequelae of COVID-19 remains understudied and poorly understood, particularly in healthy ' 'adults with a history of mild infection. Chronic neuroinflammation may underlie these ' 'enduring symptoms, but studying neuroinflammatory phenomena in vivo is challenging, ' 'especially without a comparable pre-COVID-19 dataset. In this study, we present a unique ' 'dataset of 10 otherwise healthy individuals scanned before and after experiencing mild ' 'COVID-19. Two emerging MR-based methods were used to map pre- to post-COVID-19 brain ' 'temperature and free water changes. Post-COVID-19 brain temperature and free water increases, ' 'which are indirect biomarkers of neuroinflammation, were found in structures functionally ' 'associated with olfactory, cognitive, and memory processing. The largest pre- to post-COVID ' 'brain temperature increase was observed in the left olfactory tubercle ' '(<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007, 95% CI [0.48, 3.01]), with a mean increase ' 'of 1.75\xa0°C. Notably, the olfactory tubercle is also the region of the primary olfactory ' 'cortex where participants with chronic olfactory dysfunction showed the most pronounced ' 'increases as compared to those without lingering olfactory dysfunction (adjusted ' '<jats:italic>p</jats:italic><jats:sub>FDR</jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.0189, 95% CI [1.42, ' '5.27]). These preliminary insights suggest a potential link between neuroinflammation and ' 'chronic cognitive and olfactory dysfunction following mild COVID-19, although further ' 'investigations are needed to improve our understanding of what underlies these ' 'phenomena.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-024-57561-6', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2024, 3, 28]], 'date-time': '2024-03-28T22:01:38Z', 'timestamp': 1711663298000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Brain temperature and free water increases after mild COVID-19 infection', 'prefix': '10.1038', 'volume': '14', 'author': [ {'given': 'Ayushe A.', 'family': 'Sharma', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Rodolphe', 'family': 'Nenert', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Adam M.', 'family': 'Goodman', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Jerzy P.', 'family': 'Szaflarski', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 3, 28]]}, 'reference': [ { 'issue': '1', 'key': '57561_CR1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '159', 'DOI': '10.1093/fampra/cmab076', 'volume': '39', 'author': 'SAM Van Kessel', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Van Kessel, S. 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