Serum vitamin D level in COVID-19 patients and its correlation with disease severity

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2022, 10, 7]], 'date-time': '2022-10-07T00:44:00Z', 'timestamp': 1665103440361}, 'reference-count': 29, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 10, 7]], 'date-time': '2022-10-07T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1665100800000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 10, 7]], 'date-time': '2022-10-07T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1665100800000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2022, 12]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections are associated ' 'with increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and several pro-inflammatory cytokines ' 'leading to cytokine storm. Vitamin D has been proved to be associated with biological ' 'activities of the innate and adaptive immune systems. There is a growing number of data ' 'showing an association between serum vitamin D level and the different clinical outcomes of ' 'COVID-19 infection. Our aim is to evaluate the relation between serum vitamin D levels and ' 'the severity and mortality of COVID-19 infection in an Egyptian cohort.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>The study included 80 COVID-19 patients, 38 males (47.5%) and 42 ' 'females (52.5%), with a mean age of 52\u2009±\u200911.4 years (18–80 years). The serum ' 'vitamin D levels ranged between 2 and 30 ng/mL with a mean of 12.05\u2009±\u20099.04. ' 'Patients who were intubated had the lowest levels of serum vitamin D (7.26 ng/ml\u2009±\u2009' '5.21), while patients who had no need for oxygen supply had the highest levels (20.00\xa0' 'ng/ml\u2009±\u20099.23) (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\xa0=\u20090.025). A highly significant ' 'negative correlation was found between serum vitamin D level and each of CRP and serum ' 'ferritin (<jats:italic>r</jats:italic>\xa0=\u2009−\u20090.346 and −\u20090.313) ' '(<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\xa0=\u20090.002 and 0.005). Of the enrolled 80 patients, 63 ' '(79%) recovered (group 1) and 17 (21%) died (group 2). Group 2 had significantly lower ' 'vitamin D levels (6.17\xa0ng/mL\u2009±\u20093.22) and hemoglobin (10.75\u2009±\u20091.74) ' 'than group 1 patients (13.63ng/mL\u2009±\u20099.46) (12.10\u2009±\u20091.85) ' '(<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\xa0=\u20090.002 and 0.009 respectively).</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Serum vitamin D levels are significantly lower in patients needing ' 'mechanical ventilation, and in deceased patients, and are inversely related to the ' 'inflammatory markers CRP and serum ferritin, suggesting a relation between vitamin D ' 'insufficiency and poor COVID-19 outcome.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1186/s43166-022-00155-9', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2022, 10, 7]], 'date-time': '2022-10-07T00:02:19Z', 'timestamp': 1665100939000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Serum vitamin D level in COVID-19 patients and its correlation with disease severity', 'prefix': '10.1186', 'volume': '49', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-0632', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Caroline S.', 'family': 'Morad', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Reem A.', 'family': 'Habeeb', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Esraa T.', 'family': 'Yassin', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Salma A.', 'family': 'Khalil', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2022, 10, 7]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '155_CR1', 'first-page': '157', 'volume': '91', 'author': 'D Cucinotta', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Cucinotta D, Vanelli M (2020) WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. 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An informed written consent was ' 'taken from patients enrolled in the study.', 'order': 2, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Ethics approval and consent to participate'}}, { 'value': 'Not applicable.', 'order': 3, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Consent for publication'}}, { 'value': 'The authors declare that they have no competing interests.', 'order': 4, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Competing interests'}}], 'article-number': '55'}