Clinical, regional, and genetic characteristics of Covid-19 patients from UK Biobank

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2022, 8, 23]], 'date-time': '2022-08-23T13:12:02Z', 'timestamp': 1661260322135}, 'reference-count': 48, 'publisher': 'Public Library of Science (PLoS)', 'issue': '11', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 11, 17]], 'date-time': '2020-11-17T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1605571200000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['www.plosone.org'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:sec id="sec001">\n' '<jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n' '<jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has rapidly infected millions of people ' 'worldwide. Recent studies suggest that racial minorities and patients with comorbidities are ' 'at higher risk of Covid-19. In this study, we analyzed the effects of clinical, regional, and ' 'genetic factors on Covid-19 positive status.</jats:p>\n' '</jats:sec>\n' '<jats:sec id="sec002">\n' '<jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n' '<jats:p>The UK Biobank is a longitudinal cohort study that recruited participants from 2006 ' 'to 2010 from throughout the United Kingdom. Covid-19 test results were provided to UK Biobank ' 'starting on March 16, 2020. The main outcome measure in this study was Covid-19 positive ' 'status, determined by the presence of any positive test for a single individual. Clinical ' 'risk factors were derived from UK Biobank at baseline, and regional risk factors were imputed ' 'using census features local to each participant’s home zone. We used robust adjusted Poisson ' 'regression with clustering by testing laboratory to estimate relative risk. Blood types were ' 'derived using genetic variants rs8176719 and rs8176746, and genomewide tests of association ' 'were conducted using logistic-Firth hybrid regression.</jats:p>\n' '</jats:sec>\n' '<jats:sec id="sec003">\n' '<jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n' '<jats:p>This prospective cohort study included 397,064 UK Biobank participants, of whom 968 ' 'tested positive for Covid-19. The unadjusted relative risk of Covid-19 for Black participants ' 'was 3.66 (95% CI 2.83–4.74), compared to White participants. Adjusting for Townsend ' 'deprivation index alone reduced the relative risk to 2.44 (95% CI 1.86–3.20). Comorbidities ' 'that significantly increased Covid-19 risk included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ' '(adjusted relative risk [ARR] 1.64, 95% CI 1.18–2.27), ischemic heart disease (ARR 1.48, 95% ' 'CI 1.16–1.89), and depression (ARR 1.32, 95% CI 1.03–1.70). There was some evidence that ' 'angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ARR 1.48, 95% CI 1.13–1.93) were associated with ' 'increased risk of Covid-19. Each standard deviation increase in the number of total ' 'individuals living in a participant’s locality was associated with increased risk of Covid-19 ' '(ARR 1.14, 95% CI 1.08–1.20). Analyses of genetically inferred blood types confirmed that ' 'participants with type A blood had increased odds of Covid-19 compared to participants with ' 'type O blood (odds ratio [OR] 1.16, 95% CI 1.01–1.33). A meta-analysis of genomewide ' 'association studies across ancestry groups did not reveal any significant loci. Study ' 'limitations include confounding by indication, bias due to limited information on early ' 'Covid-19 test results, and inability to accurately gauge disease severity.</jats:p>\n' '</jats:sec>\n' '<jats:sec id="sec004">\n' '<jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n' '<jats:p>When assessing the association of Black race with Covid-19, adjusting for deprivation ' 'reduced the relative risk of Covid-19 by 33%. In the context of sociological research, these ' 'findings suggest that discrimination in the labor market may play a role in the high relative ' 'risk of Covid-19 for Black individuals. In this study, we also confirmed the association of ' 'blood type A with Covid-19, among other clinical and regional factors.</jats:p>\n' '</jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0241264', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 11, 17]], 'date-time': '2020-11-17T13:33:35Z', 'timestamp': 1605620015000}, 'page': 'e0241264', 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.corrections_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 20, 'title': 'Clinical, regional, and genetic characteristics of Covid-19 patients from UK Biobank', 'prefix': '10.1371', 'volume': '15', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5306-023X', 'authenticated-orcid': True, 'given': 'David A.', 'family': 'Kolin', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Scott', 'family': 'Kulm', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Paul J.', 'family': 'Christos', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Olivier', 'family': 'Elemento', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '340', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2020, 11, 17]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'pone.0241264.ref001', 'author': 'COVID-19 in Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups', 'journal-title': 'Centers for Disease Control and Prevention'}, { 'key': 'pone.0241264.ref002', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 and Racial/Ethnic Disparities', 'author': 'M Webb Hooper', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA'}, { 'key': 'pone.0241264.ref003', 'article-title': 'Hospitalization and Mortality among Black Patients and White Patients ' 'with Covid-19', 'author': 'EG Price-Haywood', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'New England Journal of Medicine'}, { 'key': 'pone.0241264.ref004', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '398', 'DOI': '10.1007/s40615-020-00756-0', 'article-title': 'The COVID-19 Pandemic: a Call to Action to Identify and Address Racial ' 'and Ethnic Disparities', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'CT Laurencin', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities'}, { 'key': 'pone.0241264.ref005', 'unstructured': 'Coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by ethnic group, England and ' 'Wales: 2 March 2020 to 10 April 2020. 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