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Adverse events associated with monoclonal antibodies used for treatment of COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Htet et al., British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, doi:10.1002/bcp.70025, PROSPERO CRD42023447055, Mar 2025
https://c19early.org/htetsar.html
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 RCTs with 19,797 COVID-19 patients, showing a statistically significant increased risk of hepatotoxicity and neutropenia associated with monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatments compared to standard of care or placebo. This elevated risk was reported with moderate certainty of evidence and appeared primarily linked to immunomodulatory mAbs targeting the IL-6 pathway, such as tocilizumab, which was the most frequently evaluated mAb in the included studies.
Htet et al., 6 Mar 2025, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, study period January 2020 - September 2023, trial PROSPERO CRD42023447055. Contact: hhnoel@gmail.com.
Adverse events associated with monoclonal antibodies used for treatment of COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Htet Htet, Han You Kyung, Ismail Abdul Sattar Burud, Heethal Jaiprakash, Thiruselvi Subramaniam, Igor Iezhitsa, Renu Agarwal
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, doi:10.1002/bcp.70025
Aims: This review aimed to synthesise the evidence related to the incidence of serious and non-serious adverse events with the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) among COVID-19 patients. Methods: Databases were searched from January 2020 to September 2023 for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that used mAbs for the treatment of COVID-19 regardless of disease severity. Study screening, data extraction and data analysis were performed independently by two reviewers. The Cochrane risk of bias 1.0 tool was used for methodological quality assessment. Results: Sixteen studies were identified for analysis with 9682 participants in the intervention arm and 10 115 participants in the control arm. Seven trials reported hepatoxicity and there was a statistically significant increase in the chance of hepatoxicity among patients treated with mAbs compared to those given standard of care (SoC) or placebo with risk ratio (RR) = 1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29-2.24. Five trials reported for neutropenia and there was a statistically significant association of neutropenia with the use of mAbs compared to SoC or placebo with RR = 4.03, 95% CI 1.74-9.34. Ten trials reported any disease-related serious adverse events related to the disease and there was a reduction of risk compared to SoC/placebo, although this reduction was not statistically significant (RR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.70-1.11). Conclusions: The use of mAbs was found to be associated with an increased risk of hepatoxicity and neutropenia compared to SoC/placebo among COVID-19 patients with moderate certainty of evidence. Long-term observational studies are recommended to observe post-COVID adverse events related to the use of mAbs.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT There are no competing interests to declare. SUPPORTING INFORMATION Additional supporting information can be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of this article.
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DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1002/bcp.70025", "ISSN": [ "0306-5251", "1365-2125" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bcp.70025", "abstract": "<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims</jats:title><jats:p>This review aimed to synthesise the evidence related to the incidence of serious and non‐serious adverse events with the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) among COVID‐19 patients.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Databases were searched from January 2020 to September 2023 for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that used mAbs for the treatment of COVID‐19 regardless of disease severity. Study screening, data extraction and data analysis were performed independently by two reviewers. The Cochrane risk of bias 1.0 tool was used for methodological quality assessment.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Sixteen studies were identified for analysis with 9682 participants in the intervention arm and 10 115 participants in the control arm. Seven trials reported hepatoxicity and there was a statistically significant increase in the chance of hepatoxicity among patients treated with mAbs compared to those given standard of care (SoC) or placebo with risk ratio (RR) = 1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29–2.24. Five trials reported for neutropenia and there was a statistically significant association of neutropenia with the use of mAbs compared to SoC or placebo with RR = 4.03, 95% CI 1.74–9.34. Ten trials reported any disease‐related serious adverse events related to the disease and there was a reduction of risk compared to SoC/placebo,  although this reduction was not statistically significant (RR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.70–1.11).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>The use of mAbs was found to be associated with an increased risk of hepatoxicity and neutropenia compared to SoC/placebo among COVID‐19 patients with moderate certainty of evidence. Long‐term observational studies are recommended to observe post‐COVID adverse events related to the use of mAbs.</jats:p></jats:sec>", "alternative-id": [ "10.1002/bcp.70025" ], "author": [ { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2143-8629", "affiliation": [ { "name": "School of Medicine IMU University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Htet", "given": "Htet", "sequence": "first" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8428-6177", "affiliation": [ { "name": "School of Medicine IMU University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Kyung", "given": "Han You", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0326-424X", "affiliation": [ { "name": "School of Medicine IMU University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Burud", "given": "Ismail Abdul Sattar", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9948-4428", "affiliation": [ { "name": "School of Medicine IMU University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Jaiprakash", "given": "Heethal", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7073-8092", "affiliation": [ { "name": "School of Medicine IMU University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Subramaniam", "given": "Thiruselvi", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2852-8486", "affiliation": [ { "name": "School of Medicine IMU University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Iezhitsa", "given": "Igor", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3050-7449", "affiliation": [ { "name": "School of Medicine IMU University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Agarwal", "given": "Renu", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology", "container-title-short": "Brit J Clinical Pharma", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 3, 10 ] ], "date-time": "2025-03-10T06:51:32Z", "timestamp": 1741589492000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 4, 28 ] ], "date-time": "2025-04-28T07:16:31Z", "timestamp": 1745824591000 }, "funder": [ { "DOI": "10.13039/501100009381", "award": [ "BMS I‐2022 (15)" ], "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "id": [ { "asserted-by": "publisher", "id": "10.13039/501100009381", "id-type": "DOI" } ], "name": "International Medical University" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 4, 29 ] ], "date-time": "2025-04-29T04:01:16Z", "timestamp": 1745899276904, "version": "3.40.4" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 1, "issue": "5", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 3, 6 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "5", "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 5 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 3, 6 ] ], "date-time": "2025-03-06T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1741219200000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bcp.70025", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "311", "original-title": [], "page": "1306-1321", "prefix": "10.1002", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 3, 6 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 3, 6 ] ] }, "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 5 ] ] }, "publisher": "Wiley", "reference": [ { "article-title": "COVID‐19 pandemic: from origins to outcomes. 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Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. IMA and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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