Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Monoclonals
Mpro inhibitors
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Quercetin
RdRp inhibitors
TMPRSS2 inh.
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
 
next
study
previous
study
c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchMelatoninMelatonin (more..)
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Quercetin Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta
Ivermectin Meta
Thermotherapy Meta
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta

 

Serum melatonin as a potential biomarker for COVID-19 severity

Tamanna et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-025-07170-8, Jul 2025
https://c19early.org/tamanna.html
Melatonin for COVID-19
11th treatment shown to reduce risk in December 2020, now with p = 0.000000047 from 19 studies.
Lower risk for mortality, ventilation, and recovery.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,900+ studies for 173 treatments. c19early.org
Retrospective 145 COVID-19 patients in South Korea showing significantly lower serum melatonin levels in patients with severe disease and in non-survivors compared to survivors.
Tamanna et al., 16 Jul 2025, South Korea, peer-reviewed, mean age 64.0, 7 authors, study period June 2020 - July 2022. Contact: drongkim@chosun.ac.kr.
Serum melatonin as a potential biomarker for COVID-19 severity
Sadia Tamanna, Choon-Mee Kim, You Mi Lee, Jun-Won Seo, Da Young Kim, Na Ra Yun, Dong-Min Kim
Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-025-07170-8
With the ongoing global burden of COVID-19, identifying reliable biomarkers to predict disease severity remains a clinical priority. Melatonin, a hormone with immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties, has garnered attention for its potential role in regulating inflammation during viral infections. However, the relationship between serum melatonin levels and COVID-19 severity remains poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between serum melatonin concentration and COVID-19 severity to identify potential prognostic biomarkers. A cohort study was conducted, including patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between June 2020 and July 2022. Serum melatonin levels in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) were measured and analyzed in relation to disease severity and oxygen requirements. In addition, serum melatonin level between survivors and non-survivors were also compared in this study. Patients not requiring oxygen therapy exhibited significantly higher serum melatonin levels (45.09 pg/mL) compared to those requiring intensive oxygen therapy (32.17 pg/mL) (p < 0.0001). Median serum melatonin levels were 41.57 pg/mL in survivors and 24.79 pg/mL in non-survivors (p = 0.0005). In addition, non-survivors with symptoms such as respiratory distress and stress displayed lower serum melatonin compared to survivors (p = 0.0022). Serum melatonin concentration at admission was found to be significantly lower in patients with critical or fatal COVID-19, suggesting that serum melatonin levels may serve as a potential biomarker for disease severity.
Author contributions T.S. wrote the manuscript, arranged and analyzed the data, and made all figures and tables. L.Y.M. managed the data. C.M.K. contributed to the investigation and revised the manuscript for submission. J.W. S., D.Y.K., and N.R.Y. contributed in data investigation and management. D.M.K. designed and coordinated the study, revised the manuscript for submission. All the authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval and consent to participate The study complied with the Declaration of Helsinski. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment. The collection and usage of data from Chosun University Hospital was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea. Additional information Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 0 3 8 / s 4 1 5 9 8 -0 2 5 -0 7 1 7 0 -8 . Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to D.-M.K. Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints . Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International..
References
Abu-Soud, The reaction of HOCl and cyanocobalamin: Corrin destruction and the liberation of cyanogen chloride, Free Radic. Biol. Med
Ameri, Efficacy and safety of oral melatonin in patients with severe COVID-19: A randomized controlled trial, Inflammopharmacology
Baloch, Baloch, Zheng, Pei, The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Tohoku J. Exp. Med
Batiha, Hypertension and its management in COVID-19 patients: The assorted view, Int. J. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Risk Prev
Björnsdottir, Neutrophil NET formation is regulated from the inside by myeloperoxidase-processed reactive oxygen species, Free Radic. Biol. Med
Bologna, Madonna, Pone, Efficacy of prolonged-release melatonin 2 mg (PRM 2 mg) prescribed for insomnia in hospitalized patients for COVID-19: A retrospective observational study, J. Clin. Med
Bonini, Siraki, Atanassov, Mason, Immunolocalization of hypochlorite-induced, catalase-bound free radical formation in mouse hepatocytes, Free Radic. Biol. Med
Bouck, COVID-19 and Sepsis are associated with different abnormalities in plasma procoagulant and fibrinolytic activity, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol
Camp, Bai, Gonullu, Nayak, Abu-Soud, Melatonin interferes with COVID-19 at several distinct ROSrelated steps, J. Inorg. Biochem
Cook, Has COVID-19 complicated eating disorder treatment? An examination of comorbidities and treatment response before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord
Edemann-Callesen, Use of melatonin in children and adolescents with idiopathic chronic insomnia: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and clinical recommendation, EClinicalmedicine
Faridzadeh, Tabashiri, Miri, Mahmoudi, The role of melatonin as an adjuvant in the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review, Heliyon
Hardeland, Neurobiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of melatonin deficiency and dysfunction, Sci. World J
Hasan, Al, Mehuaiden, The effect of melatonin on thrombosis, sepsis and mortality rate in COVID-19 patients, Int. J. Infect. Dis
Huang, The clinical efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and Metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials, Front. Med
Ikeda, Methylcobalamin amplifies melatonin-Induced circadian phase shifts by facilitation of melatonin synthesis in the rat pineal gland, Brain Res
Labranche, Vascular oxidative stress induced by diesel exhaust microparticles: Synergism with hypertension, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol
Lorente, Serum melatonin levels are associated with mortality in severe septic patients, J. Crit. Care
Lorente, Serum melatonin levels during the first seven days of severe Sepsis diagnosis are associated with Sepsis severity and mortality, Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. Engl. Ed
Maitra, Kinetic studies on the reaction between dicyanocobinamide and hypochlorous acid, PLOS One
Maitra, Mechanism of hypochlorous acid-mediated heme destruction and free Iron release, Free Radic. Biol. Med
Moubarak, The rise of SARS-CoV-2 variants and the role of convalescent plasma therapy for management of infections, Life
Mubashshir, Therapeutic benefits of melatonin against COVID-19, Neuroimmunomodulation
O'leary, Samman, Vitamin B12 in health and disease, Nutrients
Pandi-Perumal, Melatonin: Nature's most versatile biological signal?, FEBS J
Ramlall, Zucker, Tatonetti, Melatonin is significantly associated with survival of intubated COVID-19 patients, MedRxiv
Rohr, Herold, Melatonin deficiencies in women, Maturitas
Schönrich, Raftery, Samstag, Devilishly radical network in COVID-19: Oxidative stress, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and T cell suppression, Adv. Biol. Regul
Seely, Adjuvant melatonin for the prevention of recurrence and mortality following lung cancer resection (AMPLCaRe): A randomized placebo controlled clinical trial, EClinicalmedicine
Souza, Hypochlorous Acid-induced heme degradation from lactoperoxidase as a novel mechanism of free Iron release and tissue injury in inflammatory diseases, PLOS One
Sánchez-López, Efficacy of melatonin on serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, Arch. Med. Res
Yayıcı Köken, Impact of COVID-19 on serum melatonin levels and sleep parameters in children, Turk. J. Med. Sci
Yılmaz, Öner, Melatonin levels are low in COVID-19 positive patients and these levels are associated with depression, death anxiety and insomnia, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig
Zhang, Tecson, Mccullough, Endothelial dysfunction contributes to COVID-19-Associated vascular inflammation and coagulopathy, Rev. Cardiovasc. Med
DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1038/s41598-025-07170-8", "ISSN": [ "2045-2322" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-07170-8", "alternative-id": [ "7170" ], "article-number": "25720", "assertion": [ { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Received", "name": "received", "order": 1, "value": "12 March 2025" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Accepted", "name": "accepted", "order": 2, "value": "12 June 2025" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "First Online", "name": "first_online", "order": 3, "value": "16 July 2025" }, { "group": { "label": "Declarations", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 1 }, { "group": { "label": "Competing interests", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 2, "value": "The authors declare no competing interests." }, { "group": { "label": "Ethical approval and consent to participate", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 3, "value": "The study complied with the Declaration of Helsinski. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment. The collection and usage of data from Chosun University Hospital was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea." } ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Tamanna", "given": "Sadia", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Kim", "given": "Choon-Mee", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Lee", "given": "You Mi", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Seo", "given": "Jun-Won", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Kim", "given": "Da Young", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Yun", "given": "Na Ra", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Kim", "given": "Dong-Min", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Scientific Reports", "container-title-short": "Sci Rep", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [ "link.springer.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 7, 16 ] ], "date-time": "2025-07-16T07:38:13Z", "timestamp": 1752651493000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 7, 16 ] ], "date-time": "2025-07-16T20:02:44Z", "timestamp": 1752696164000 }, "funder": [ { "DOI": "10.13039/100030943", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "id": [ { "asserted-by": "publisher", "id": "10.13039/100030943", "id-type": "DOI" } ], "name": "Chosun University Hospital" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 7, 16 ] ], "date-time": "2025-07-16T20:40:04Z", "timestamp": 1752698404666, "version": "3.41.2" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "1", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 7, 16 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "1", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 12 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 7, 16 ] ], "date-time": "2025-07-16T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1752624000000 } }, { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 7, 16 ] ], "date-time": "2025-07-16T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1752624000000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-07170-8.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-07170-8", "content-type": "text/html", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-07170-8.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "297", "original-title": [], "prefix": "10.1038", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 7, 16 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 7, 16 ] ] }, "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1620/tjem.250.271", "author": "S Baloch", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "271", "journal-title": "Tohoku J. Exp. Med.", "key": "7170_CR1", "unstructured": "Baloch, S., Baloch, M. A., Zheng, T. & Pei, X. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 250, 271–278 (2020).", "volume": "250", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.315338", "author": "EG Bouck", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "401", "journal-title": "Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc Biol.", "key": "7170_CR2", "unstructured": "Bouck, E. G. et al. COVID-19 and Sepsis are associated with different abnormalities in plasma procoagulant and fibrinolytic activity. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 41, 401–414 (2021).", "volume": "41", "year": "2021" }, { "author": "B Cook", "first-page": "21m03087", "journal-title": "Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord", "key": "7170_CR3", "unstructured": "Cook, B. et al. Has COVID-19 complicated eating disorder treatment? An examination of comorbidities and treatment response before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord. 24, 21m03087 (2022).", "volume": "24", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.12.004", "author": "AL Sánchez-López", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "391", "journal-title": "Arch. Med. Res.", "key": "7170_CR4", "unstructured": "Sánchez-López, A. L. et al. Efficacy of melatonin on serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Arch. Med. Res. 49, 391–398 (2018).", "volume": "49", "year": "2018" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111546", "author": "OG Camp", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "111546", "journal-title": "J. Inorg. Biochem.", "key": "7170_CR5", "unstructured": "Camp, O. G., Bai, D., Gonullu, D. C., Nayak, N. & Abu-Soud, H. M. Melatonin interferes with COVID-19 at several distinct ROS-related steps. J. Inorg. Biochem. 223, 111546 (2021).", "volume": "223", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.11.019", "author": "MG Bonini", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "530", "journal-title": "Free Radic Biol. Med.", "key": "7170_CR6", "unstructured": "Bonini, M. G., Siraki, A. G., Atanassov, B. S. & Mason, R. P. Immunolocalization of hypochlorite-induced, catalase-bound free radical formation in mouse hepatocytes. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 42, 530–540 (2007).", "volume": "42", "year": "2007" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0110595", "author": "D Maitra", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e110595", "journal-title": "PLOS One", "key": "7170_CR7", "unstructured": "Maitra, D. et al. Kinetic studies on the reaction between dicyanocobinamide and hypochlorous acid. PLOS One 9, e110595 (2014).", "volume": "9", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.03.040", "author": "D Maitra", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "364", "journal-title": "Free Radic Biol. Med.", "key": "7170_CR8", "unstructured": "Maitra, D. et al. Mechanism of hypochlorous acid-mediated heme destruction and free Iron release. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 51, 364–373 (2011).", "volume": "51", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0027641", "author": "CEA Souza", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e27641", "journal-title": "PLOS One", "key": "7170_CR9", "unstructured": "Souza, C. E. A. et al. Hypochlorous Acid-induced heme degradation from lactoperoxidase as a novel mechanism of free Iron release and tissue injury in inflammatory diseases. PLOS One 6, e27641 (2011).", "volume": "6", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.1100/2012/640389", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "7170_CR10", "unstructured": "Hardeland, R. Neurobiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of melatonin deficiency and dysfunction. Sci. World J. 2012, 640389 (2012)." }, { "DOI": "10.1159/000531550", "author": "M Mubashshir", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "196", "journal-title": "Neuroimmunomodulation", "key": "7170_CR11", "unstructured": "Mubashshir, M. et al. Therapeutic benefits of melatonin against COVID-19. Neuroimmunomodulation 30, 196–205 (2023).", "volume": "30", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/jcm14062021", "author": "C Bologna", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2021", "journal-title": "J. Clin. Med.", "key": "7170_CR12", "unstructured": "Bologna, C., Madonna, P. & Pone, E. Efficacy of prolonged-release melatonin 2 mg (PRM 2 mg) prescribed for insomnia in hospitalized patients for COVID-19: A retrospective observational study. J. Clin. Med. 14, 2021 (2025).", "volume": "14", "year": "2025" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/00365513.2023.2175236", "author": "S Yılmaz", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "86", "journal-title": "Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig", "key": "7170_CR13", "unstructured": "Yılmaz, S. & Öner, P. Melatonin levels are low in COVID-19 positive patients and these levels are associated with depression, death anxiety and insomnia. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig. 83, 86–94 (2023).", "volume": "83", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.eimc.2017.10.024", "author": "L Lorente", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "544", "journal-title": "Enferm Infecc Microbiol. Clin. (Engl Ed)", "key": "7170_CR14", "unstructured": "Lorente, L. et al. Serum melatonin levels during the first seven days of severe Sepsis diagnosis are associated with Sepsis severity and mortality. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. Engl. Ed. 36, 544–549 (2018).", "volume": "36", "year": "2018" }, { "author": "L Lorente", "first-page": "860", "journal-title": "J. Crit. Care", "key": "7170_CR15", "unstructured": "Lorente, L. et al. Serum melatonin levels are associated with mortality in severe septic patients. J. Crit. Care 30, 860–868 (2015).", "volume": "30", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.1101/2020.10.15.20213546", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "7170_CR16", "unstructured": "Ramlall, V., Zucker, J. & Tatonetti, N. Melatonin is significantly associated with survival of intubated COVID-19 patients. MedRxiv 10: 2020.10.15.20213546 (2020)." }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fmed.2023.1171294", "author": "PY Huang", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1171294", "journal-title": "Front. Med. (Lausanne)", "key": "7170_CR17", "unstructured": "Huang, P. Y. et al. The clinical efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front. Med. 10, 1171294 (2023).", "volume": "10", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijid.2021.10.012", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "7170_CR18", "unstructured": "Hasan, Z. T., Al, M. Q. & Mehuaiden, A. K. The effect of melatonin on thrombosis, sepsis and mortality rate in COVID-19 patients. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 114, 79–84 (2022)." }, { "DOI": "10.3906/sag-2012-361", "author": "ÖY Yayıcı Köken", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1640", "journal-title": "Turk. J. Med. Sci.", "key": "7170_CR19", "unstructured": "Yayıcı Köken, Ö. Y. et al. Impact of COVID-19 on serum melatonin levels and sleep parameters in children. Turk. J. Med. Sci. 51, 1640–1646 (2021).", "volume": "51", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05322.x", "author": "PSR Pandi-Perumal", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2813", "journal-title": "FEBS J.", "key": "7170_CR20", "unstructured": "Pandi-Perumal, P. S. R. et al. Melatonin: Nature’s most versatile biological signal? FEBS J. 273, 2813–2838 (2006).", "volume": "273", "year": "2006" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.398", "author": "H Björnsdottir", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1024", "journal-title": "Free Radic Biol. Med.", "key": "7170_CR21", "unstructured": "Björnsdottir, H. et al. Neutrophil NET formation is regulated from the inside by myeloperoxidase-processed reactive oxygen species. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 89, 1024–1035 (2015).", "volume": "89", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100741", "author": "G Schönrich", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "100741", "journal-title": "Adv. Biol. Regul.", "key": "7170_CR22", "unstructured": "Schönrich, G., Raftery, M. J. & Samstag, Y. Devilishly radical network in COVID-19: Oxidative stress, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and T cell suppression. Adv. Biol. Regul. 77, 100741 (2020).", "volume": "77", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.31083/j.rcm.2020.03.126", "author": "J Zhang", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "315", "journal-title": "Rev. Cardiovasc. Med.", "key": "7170_CR23", "unstructured": "Zhang, J., Tecson, K. M. & McCullough, P. A. Endothelial dysfunction contributes to COVID-19-Associated vascular inflammation and coagulopathy. Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 21, 315–319 (2020).", "volume": "21", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1097/FJC.0b013e318270f1a8", "author": "N Labranche", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "530", "journal-title": "J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol.", "key": "7170_CR24", "unstructured": "Labranche, N. et al. Vascular oxidative stress induced by diesel exhaust microparticles: Synergism with hypertension. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 60, 530–537 (2012).", "volume": "60", "year": "2012" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.496", "author": "HM Abu-Soud", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "616", "journal-title": "Free Radic Biol. Med.", "key": "7170_CR25", "unstructured": "Abu-Soud, H. M. et al. The reaction of HOCl and cyanocobalamin: Corrin destruction and the liberation of cyanogen chloride. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 52, 616–625 (2012).", "volume": "52", "year": "2012" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0378-5122(02)00017-8", "author": "UD Rohr", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "S85", "journal-title": "Maturitas", "key": "7170_CR26", "unstructured": "Rohr, U. D. & Herold, J. Melatonin deficiencies in women. Maturitas 41, S85–S104 (2002).", "volume": "41", "year": "2002" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00262-5", "author": "M Ikeda", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "98", "journal-title": "Brain Res.", "key": "7170_CR27", "unstructured": "Ikeda, M. et al. Methylcobalamin amplifies melatonin-Induced circadian phase shifts by facilitation of melatonin synthesis in the rat pineal gland. Brain Res. 795, 98–104 (1998).", "volume": "795", "year": "1998" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu2030299", "author": "F O’Leary", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "299", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "7170_CR28", "unstructured": "O’Leary, F. & Samman, S. Vitamin B12 in health and disease. Nutrients 2, 299–316 (2010).", "volume": "2", "year": "2010" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100763", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "7170_CR29", "unstructured": "Seely, D. et al. Adjuvant melatonin for the prevention of recurrence and mortality following lung cancer resection (AMPLCaRe): A randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. EClinicalmedicine 33, 100763 (2021)." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10906", "author": "A Faridzadeh", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e10906", "journal-title": "Heliyon", "key": "7170_CR30", "unstructured": "Faridzadeh, A., Tabashiri, A., Miri, H. H. & Mahmoudi, M. The role of melatonin as an adjuvant in the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review. Heliyon 8, e10906 (2022).", "volume": "8", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102048", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "7170_CR31", "unstructured": "Edemann-Callesen, H. et al. Use of melatonin in children and adolescents with idiopathic chronic insomnia: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and clinical recommendation. EClinicalmedicine 61, 102048 (2023)." }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s10787-022-01096-7", "author": "A Ameri", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "265", "journal-title": "Inflammopharmacology", "key": "7170_CR32", "unstructured": "Ameri, A. et al. Efficacy and safety of oral melatonin in patients with severe COVID-19: A randomized controlled trial. Inflammopharmacology 31, 265–274 (2023).", "volume": "31", "year": "2023" }, { "author": "M Moubarak", "first-page": "734", "journal-title": "Life (Basel)", "key": "7170_CR33", "unstructured": "Moubarak, M. et al. The rise of SARS-CoV-2 variants and the role of convalescent plasma therapy for management of infections. Life 11, 734 (2021).", "volume": "11", "year": "2021" }, { "author": "GE Batiha", "first-page": "200121", "journal-title": "Int. J. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Risk Prev.", "key": "7170_CR34", "unstructured": "Batiha, G. E. et al. Hypertension and its management in COVID-19 patients: The assorted view. Int. J. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Risk Prev. 11, 200121 (2021).", "volume": "11", "year": "2021" } ], "reference-count": 34, "references-count": 34, "relation": {}, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-07170-8" } }, "score": 1, "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [], "subtitle": [], "title": "Serum melatonin as a potential biomarker for COVID-19 severity", "type": "journal-article", "update-policy": "https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy", "volume": "15" }
Loading..
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 200,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. IMA and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit