Summary of COVID-19 vitamin B9 studies

363 patient vitamin B9 prophylaxis RCT: 88% fewer cases (p<0.0001).
Cluster RCT 526 healthcare workers in Egypt, showing lower COVID-19 cases with folic acid supplementation, and a dose-response relationship. Each wave of health care workers was randomized within 14 day isolation periods, introducing potential confounding by time.
Nov 2022, Microbes and Infectious Diseases, https://mid.journals.ekb.eg/article_270589.html, https://c19p.org/farag

2. Deschasaux-Tanguy et al., Nutritional risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection: a prospective study within the NutriNet-Santé cohort

7,766 patient vitamin B9 prophylaxis study: 16% fewer cases (p=0.02).
Analysis of 7,766 adults in France, showing higher intakes of vitamin C, folate, vitamin K, dietary fibre, and fruit and vegetables associated with lower seropositivity.
Nov 2021, BMC Medicine, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12916-021-02168-1/fulltext.html, https://c19p.org/deschasauxtanguyb9

3. Nimer et al., The impact of vitamin and mineral supplements usage prior to COVID-19 infection on disease severity and hospitalization

2,148 patient vitamin B9 prophylaxis study: 28% lower hospitalization (p=0.23) and 28% lower severe cases (p=0.16).
Retrospective 2,148 COVID-19 recovered patients in Jordan, showing lower risk of severity and hospitalization with vitamin B9 prophylaxis, without statistical significance.
Feb 2022, Bosnian J. Basic Medical Sciences, https://www.bjbms.org/ojs/index.php/bjbms/article/view/7009, https://c19p.org/nimerb9

4. Meisel et al., Folate Levels in Patients Hospitalized with Coronavirus Disease 2019

334 patient vitamin B9 prophylaxis study: 27% lower mortality (p=0.54) and 6% lower combined mortality/intubation (p=0.88).
Retrospective 333 hospitalized patients in Israel, showing no significant difference in outcomes with low folate levels or with folic acid supplementation.
Mar 2021, Nutrients, https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/3/812, https://c19p.org/meisel

5. Bejan et al., DrugWAS: Drug‐wide Association Studies for COVID‐19 Drug Repurposing

9,267 patient vitamin B9 prophylaxis study: 9% lower mortality (p=0.87), 1% lower ventilation (p=0.99), and 17% lower ICU admission (p=0.7).
Retrospective 9,748 COVID-19 patients in the USA showing no significant differences with vitamin B9 use, without statistical significance.
Feb 2021, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpt.2376, https://c19p.org/bejanb9

6. Loucera et al., Real-world evidence with a retrospective cohort of 15,968 COVID-19 hospitalized patients suggests 21 new effective treatments

15,968 patient vitamin B9 prophylaxis study: 1% lower mortality (p=0.88).
Retrospective 15,968 COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Spain, showing no significant difference in mortality with existing use of folic acid. Since only hospitalized patients are included, results do not reflect different probabilities of hospitalization across treatments.
Aug 2022, Virology J., https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-023-02195-9, https://c19p.org/loucera3b9

7. MacFadden et al., Screening Large Population Health Databases for Potential COVID-19 Therapeutics: A Pharmacopeia-Wide Association Study (PWAS) of Commonly Prescribed Medications

vitamin B9 prophylaxis study: no change in cases (p=1).
Retrospective 26,121 cases and 2,369,020 controls ≥65yo in Canada, showing no significant difference in cases with chronic use of vitamin B9.
Mar 2022, Open Forum Infectious Diseases, https://academic.oup.com/ofid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ofid/ofac156/6555707, https://c19p.org/macfaddenb9

8. Akbar et al., The Association between Lifestyle Factors and COVID-19: Findings from Qatar Biobank

10,000 patient vitamin B9 prophylaxis study: 18% more cases (p=0.29).
Retrospective 10,000 adults in Qatar, showing higher risk of COVID-19 cases with vitamin B9 supplementation, without statistical significance. Authors do not analyze COVID-19 severity.
Nov 2023, Nutrients, https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/7/1037, https://c19p.org/akbar2b9

9. Bliek-Bueno et al., Baseline Drug Treatments as Indicators of Increased Risk of COVID-19 Mortality in Spain and Italy

8,570 patient vitamin B9 prophylaxis study: 87% higher mortality (p<0.0001).
Retrospective 8,570 individuals in Spain and Italy, showing higher mortality with combined vitamin B9 and B12 supplementation. Adjustments only considered age.
Nov 2021, Int. J. Environmental Research and Public Health, https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/22/11786, https://c19p.org/bliekbuenob9

10. Monserrat Villatoro et al., A Case-Control of Patients with COVID-19 to Explore the Association of Previous Hospitalisation Use of Medication on the Mortality of COVID-19 Disease: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis

vitamin B9 prophylaxis PSM study: 132% higher mortality (p=0.003).
PSM retrospective 3,712 hospitalized patients in Spain, showing lower mortality with existing use of azithromycin, bemiparine, budesonide-formoterol fumarate, cefuroxime, colchicine, enoxaparin, ipratropium bromide, loratadine, mepyramine theophylline acetate, oral rehydration salts, and salbutamol sulphate, and higher mortality with acetylsalicylic acid, digoxin, folic acid, mirtazapine, linagliptin, enalapril, atorvastatin, and allopurinol.
Jan 2022, Pharmaceuticals, https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/1/78, https://c19p.org/monserratvillatorob9

11. Topless et al., Folic acid and methotrexate use and their association with COVID-19 diagnosis and mortality: a case–control analysis from the UK Biobank

376,254 patient vitamin B9 prophylaxis study: 164% higher mortality (p<0.0001) and 51% more cases (p<0.0001).
UK Biobank retrospective showing higher cases and mortality with folic acid supplementation.
Aug 2022, BMJ Open, https://bmjopen.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062945, https://c19p.org/topless2

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