The efficacy and adverse effects of favipiravir on COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published clinical trials and observational studies

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2021, 7, 28]], 'date-time': '2021-07-28T22:55:56Z', 'timestamp': 1627512956773}, 'reference-count': 233, 'publisher': 'Elsevier BV', 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'short-container-title': ['SSRN Journal'], 'DOI': '10.2139/ssrn.3889346', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2021, 7, 21]], 'date-time': '2021-07-21T03:04:40Z', 'timestamp': 1626836680000}, 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': [ 'The Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Favipiravir on COVID-19 Patients: A&nbsp;Systematic Review ' 'and Meta-Analysis of Published Clinical Trials and Observational Studies'], 'prefix': '10.2139', 'author': [ {'given': 'Dang The', 'family': 'Hung', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Suhaib', 'family': 'Ghula', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Jeza Abdul', 'family': 'Aziz', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Abdelrahman M.', 'family': 'Makram', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Gehad Mohamed', 'family': 'Tawfik', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Ali Ahmed-Fouad', 'family': 'Abozaid', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'given': 'Rohan Andrew', 'family': 'Pancharatnam', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Amr Mohamed', 'family': 'Ibrahim', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Muhammad Besher', 'family': 'Shabouk', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Morgan', 'family': 'Turnage', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Saloni', 'family': 'Nakhare', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Zahra', 'family': 'Karmally', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Basel', 'family': 'Kouz', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Tran Nhat', 'family': 'Le', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Suleiman', 'family': 'Alhijazeen', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Nguyen Quoc', 'family': 'Phuong', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Alaa Mohamed', 'family': 'Ads', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Ali Hussein', 'family': 'Abdelaal', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Nguyen Hai', 'family': 'Nam', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Tatsuo', 'family': 'Iiyama', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Kyoshi', 'family': 'Kita', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Kenji', 'family': 'Hirayama', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Nguyen Tien', 'family': 'Huy', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '78', 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref1', 'author': 'Using Musekiwa', 'journal-title': 's method with the metafor package 24 was performed, all described ' 'models 189 were tried and one best-fitting model with the least Akaike ' 'Information Criterion'}, { 'key': 'ref2', 'journal-title': 'A p-value less than 0�10 would be considered significant, and Duvall ' "and Tweedie's method of"}, { 'key': 'ref3', 'journal-title': "The RCTs and non-RCTs were assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration's " 'second version of the 195 risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB ' '2) 27 and the risk of bias in non-randomized studies of 196 ' 'interventions (ROBIN-I) 28 . Observational, cross-sectional studies and ' 'case series were assessed 197 using the National Institutes of Health ' 'quality assessment tool 29 . Case reports were assessed as 198 ' 'recommended by the Clinical Guidelines Network Cancer Council Australia ' '(CCA) handbook 30'}, { 'key': 'ref4', 'journal-title': 'The study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment'}, { 'key': 'ref5', 'journal-title': 'The funder of the study had no role in study design, data collection'}, { 'key': 'ref6', 'volume': '3861', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'papers, respectively. A total of 142 publications passed the screening ' 'and entered the extraction 209 stage. Additional three RCTs were found ' 'in manual searches. Eventually, 15 RCTs, one non-RCT, 210 21 ' 'observational studies, two case series'}, { 'key': 'ref7', 'first-page': '31', 'volume': '11', 'journal-title': 'Meta-analysis for the effectiveness of favipiravir 10'}, {'key': 'ref8', 'journal-title': 'This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed'}, { 'key': 'ref9', 'first-page': '38', 'volume': '11', 'journal-title': 'we plotted RR for the number of patients having the viral 216 clearance ' "from day 3 to day 16, using Musekiwa et al.'s univariate and " 'multivariate model 24'}, { 'key': 'ref10', 'journal-title': 'In multivariate model, 218 although all RR values were greater than ' 'one, significant better outcomes were found only at day 219 4-6 with a ' 'peak value'}, { 'key': 'ref11', 'journal-title': 'Despite insignificance, mean viral clearance time was shorter in ' 'patients received favipiravir 225 (MD=-1�52, 95% CI [-5�03, 1�99], ' 'p=0�30, I 2 =81%) (Supplemental Figure 3a). However, in the 226 ' 'sensitivity analysis, the heterogeneity plummeted (I 2 =0%), making the ' 'difference statistically 227 significant'}, { 'key': 'ref12', 'article-title': 'On the 232 other hand, the pooled RR from four papers for defervescence ' 'at day 3 was significantly better in 233 the favipiravir group ' '(RR=1�91, 95% CI [1�56, 2�34], p<0�01, I 2 =0%) (Figure 3b)', 'journal-title': 'Clinical improvement, fever cessation, and chest CT improvement for ' 'favipiravir 10,11,34,42 , the pooled RR from five RCTs was not ' 'statistically significant 231 (RR=1�54, 95% CI'}, { 'key': 'ref13', 'author': 'World Health', 'journal-title': "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the mission briefing on 423 " 'COVID-19'}, {'key': 'ref14', 'author': 'W Zhu', 'journal-title': 'RNA-Dependent RNA'}, { 'issue': '10', 'key': 'ref15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1141', 'DOI': '10.1177/2472555220942123', 'article-title': 'Polymerase as a Target for COVID-19 Drug Discovery', 'volume': '25', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'SLAS Discov'}, { 'key': 'ref16', 'author': 'M Gandhi', 'journal-title': "Asymptomatic Transmission, the Achilles' Heel of"}, { 'key': 'ref17', 'first-page': '36', 'volume': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Current Strategies to Control COVID-19. 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