Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
Top
Abstract
All vitamin D studies
Meta analysis
 
Feedback
Home
next
study
previous
study
c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchVitamin DVitamin D (more..)
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Antihistamines Meta
Azvudine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta

All Studies   Meta Analysis       

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers are not associated with increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Chodick et al., Journal of Travel Medicine, doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa069
May 2020  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF   All Studies   Meta AnalysisMeta
Vitamin D for COVID-19
8th treatment shown to reduce risk in October 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 122 studies, recognized in 9 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,000+ studies for 104 treatments. c19early.org
Retrospective 14,520 patients in Israel, 1,317 testing positive, showing no significant difference in vitamin D levels (23.6ng/mL and 24.1ng/mL for positive and negative cases respectively).
Chodick et al., 14 May 2020, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.
This PaperVitamin DAll
Abstract: Journal of Travel Medicine, 2020, 1–3 doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa069 Advance Access Publication Date: 14 May 2020 Research Letter Research Letter Gabriel Chodick , PhD1,2,*, Amir Nutman, MD1,3, Naama Yiekutiel, MSc2 and Varda Shalev, MD1,2 1 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, 2 Maccabi Institute for Research & Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare Services, 27 Hamered Street, Tel Aviv, 68125 Israel and 3 National Center for Infection Control and Antibiotic Resistance, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +972-3-5143755, Email: hodik_g@mac.org.il Submitted 25 March 2020; Revised 6 April 2020; Editorial Decision 28 April 2020; Accepted 28 April 2020 Key words: Covid19, Israel, anti-hypertensive, Vitamin D, BMI, body mass index, hypertension, obesity, ACE2 receptor The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has swept across the globe and put millions of lives at stake.1 SARS-CoV-2 binds to the host cell’s membrane via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an enzyme that physiologically inhibits the renin–angiotensin system (RAS).2 Consequently, concerns were raised regarding the use of RAS inhibitors, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and their potential role in increasing ACE2 expression and subsequent elevated risk of COVID-19 infection.3–6 Currently, data from COVID-19 patients regarding the use of RAS inhibitors and infection risk are limited. The objective of this cross-sectional real-world data analysis was therefore to assess whether the use of RAS inhibitors may increase the likelihood of positive results among tested members of Maccabi Health Services (MHS), a large health organization in Israel. Using MHS database, we have identified all 14 520 confirmed cases of COVID-19, defined as a positive result on real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasal and throat swab specimens. Criteria for testing were according to guidelines published by the Ministry of Health (Guidelines for coping with the novel coronavirus, 2020, Ministry of Health, Israel). A total of 1317 (9%) cases were found positive. We collected information on demographics, the most recent document body mass index (BMI), medical conditions, lab tests results (e.g. last vitamin D and B12) and dispensed of prescribed medications, including RAS inhibitors, anytime between 1 January 2020 and the date of first SARS-COV-2 test. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to assess the independent adjusted relationship between the history of dispensed medication and SARS-COV-2 positivity with adjustment to age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), BMI and co-morbidities. Interactions between ACEI status and age were examined and found insignificant. Assuming that the prevalence of patients treated for hypertension with ACEIs/ARBs in MHS is 10%, a minimum of 623 positive patients were required to calculate an odds ratio (OR) of two or above at a P value < 0.05 and a statistical power of 95%. All analyses were conducted with IBM-SPSS version 25 and R software version 3.6. In contrast to SARS-COV-19 negative cases, positive cases were significantly (P < 0.001) more likely to be males (59.8% vs 46.1%), older (40.6 vs 37.0 year), and reside in low SES areas (27.9 vs 12.7%), primarily in ultra-orthodox..
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 13]], 'date-time': '2024-05-13T12:43:25Z', 'timestamp': 1715604205463}, 'reference-count': 10, 'publisher': 'Oxford University Press (OUP)', 'issue': '5', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 5, 14]], 'date-time': '2020-05-14T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1589414400000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2020, 8, 20]]}, 'DOI': '10.1093/jtm/taaa069', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2020, 5, 12]], 'date-time': '2020-05-12T19:08:40Z', 'timestamp': 1589310520000}, 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 18, 'title': 'Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers are not associated ' 'with increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection', 'prefix': '10.1093', 'volume': '27', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5189-8995', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Gabriel', 'family': 'Chodick', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, ' 'Israel'}, { 'name': 'Maccabi Institute for Research & Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare ' 'Services, 27 Hamered Street, Tel Aviv, 68125 Israel'}]}, { 'given': 'Amir', 'family': 'Nutman', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, ' 'Israel'}, { 'name': 'National Center for Infection Control and Antibiotic Resistance, ' 'Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel'}]}, { 'given': 'Naama', 'family': 'Yiekutiel', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Maccabi Institute for Research & Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare ' 'Services, 27 Hamered Street, Tel Aviv, 68125 Israel'}]}, { 'given': 'Varda', 'family': 'Shalev', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, ' 'Israel'}, { 'name': 'Maccabi Institute for Research & Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare ' 'Services, 27 Hamered Street, Tel Aviv, 68125 Israel'}]}], 'member': '286', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2020, 5, 14]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '2020082007465645200_ref1', 'volume-title': 'Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic', 'author': 'World Health Organization'}, { 'key': '2020082007465645200_ref2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '450', 'DOI': '10.1038/nature02145', 'article-title': 'Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS ' 'coronavirus', 'volume': '426', 'author': '', 'year': '2003', 'journal-title': 'Nature'}, { 'key': '2020082007465645200_ref3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e21', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30116-8', 'article-title': 'M. R. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased ' 'risk for COVID-19 infection', 'volume': '8', 'author': '', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Respir Med'}, { 'key': '2020082007465645200_ref4', 'article-title': 'Preventing a COVID-19 pandemic: ACE inhibitors as a potential risk ' 'factor for fatal COVID-19', 'volume': '368', 'author': '', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'BMJ'}, { 'key': '2020082007465645200_ref5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '781', 'DOI': '10.1097/HJH.0000000000002450', 'article-title': 'Can angiotensin receptor-blocking drugs perhaps be harmful in the ' 'COVID-19 pandemic?', 'volume': '38', 'author': '', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J Hypertens'}, { 'key': '2020082007465645200_ref6', 'article-title': 'Hypothesis: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin ' 'receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19', 'author': '', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J Travel Med'}, { 'key': '2020082007465645200_ref7', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '988', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu12040988', 'article-title': 'Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza ' 'and COVID-19 infections and deaths', 'volume': '12', 'author': '', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nutrients'}, { 'key': '2020082007465645200_ref8', 'article-title': 'Is adipose tissue a reservoir for viral spread, immune activation and ' 'cytokine amplification in COVID-19', 'author': '', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Obesity'}, { 'key': '2020082007465645200_ref9', 'article-title': 'Renin-angiotensin system blockers and the COVID-19 pandemic', 'volume': '120', 'author': '', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Hypertension'}, { 'key': '2020082007465645200_ref10', 'article-title': 'Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with ' 'Covid-19', 'author': '', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'N Eng J Mede'}], 'container-title': 'Journal of Travel Medicine', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'http://academic.oup.com/jtm/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jtm/taaa069/33395251/taaa069.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'am', 'intended-application': 'syndication'}, { 'URL': 'http://academic.oup.com/jtm/article-pdf/27/5/taaa069/33666019/taaa069.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'syndication'}, { 'URL': 'http://academic.oup.com/jtm/article-pdf/27/5/taaa069/33666019/taaa069.pdf', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 8, 20]], 'date-time': '2020-08-20T11:47:55Z', 'timestamp': 1597924075000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://academic.oup.com/jtm/article/doi/10.1093/jtm/taaa069/5836963'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2020, 5, 14]]}, 'references-count': 10, 'journal-issue': { 'issue': '5', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2020, 5, 14]]}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2020, 8, 20]]}}, 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa069', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['1195-1982', '1708-8305'], 'subject': [], 'published-other': {'date-parts': [[2020, 7]]}, 'published': {'date-parts': [[2020, 5, 14]]}}
Loading..
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit