Darunavir/Cobicistat Is Associated with Negative Outcomes in HIV-Negative Patients with Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia

Milic et al., AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, doi:10.1089/AID.2020.0305, Apr 2021
Late treatmentRetrospective · 273 patients · Italy
Darunavir for COVID-19
Outcome
Improvement
Relative Risk · 95% CI
00.511.52+
← Darunavir
reduces risk
Darunavir
increases risk →
Higher mortality and death/intubation
p = 0.0001 (mortality) and p = 0.03 (death/intubation)
Retrospective 273 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing higher mortality with darunavir/cobicistat treatment.
OutcomeImprovementEffect · pTreatmentControl
risk of death 149.5% higher · RR 2.50 · p < 0.001*** 149.5% higherRR 2.50p < 0.001*** 115 158 treatment 115, control 158
risk of death/intubation 47.8% higher · RR 1.48 · p = 0.03* 47.8% higherRR 1.48p = 0.03* 115 158 treatment 115, control 158

Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates. * p < 0.05   *** p < 0.001

Milic et al., 1 Apr 2021, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 25 authors.
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatment protocols c19early.org November 2026 Italy Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Myanmar South Africa Peru Philippines Vietnam Japan Argentina Nepal Iran Bangladesh Ethiopia Ghana Germany Mexico South Korea United Kingdom Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland Uzbekistan India China Venezuela DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Egypt Nigeria Taiwan Fiji Zambia Bosnia-Herzegovina Jordan Georgia Switzerland Dominican Republic Bolivia Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Togo Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Iceland New Zealand Trinidad and Tobago Mongolia Czechia Belarus Israel Haiti North Macedonia Hong Kong Qatar Panama Serbia Italy favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy of treatments was very low.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment, andforgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19treatment protocols worldwide c19early.org November 2026 Italy Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Myanmar South Africa Peru Philippines Vietnam Japan Argentina Nepal Iran Bangladesh Ethiopia Ghana Germany Mexico South Korea United Kingdom Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland Uzbekistan India China Venezuela DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Egypt Taiwan Fiji Zambia Jordan Georgia Switzerland Dominican Rep. Bolivia Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Togo Sri Lanka Bulgaria Greece Slovakia New Zealand Trinidad and Tobago Mongolia Czechia Belarus Israel North Macedonia Hong Kong Qatar Panama Serbia Italy favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy was very low.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment,and forgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
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Late treatment
is less effective