Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Monoclonals
Mpro inhibitors
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Quercetin
RdRp inhibitors
TMPRSS2 inh.
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
 
next
study
previous
study
c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchDarunavirDarunavir (more..)
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Quercetin Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta
Ivermectin Meta
Thermotherapy Meta
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta

 

Darunavir/Cobicistat Is Associated with Negative Outcomes in HIV-Negative Patients with Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia

Milic et al., AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, doi:10.1089/AID.2020.0305, Apr 2021
https://c19early.org/milic.html
Mortality -150% improvement lower risk ← → higher risk Death/intubation -48% Darunavir  Milic et al.  LATE TREATMENT Is late treatment with darunavir beneficial for COVID-19? Retrospective 273 patients in Italy Higher mortality (p=0.0001) and death/intubation (p=0.03) c19early.org Milic et al., AIDS Research and Human .., Apr 2021 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+ RR
Retrospective 273 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing higher mortality with darunavir/cobicistat treatment.
risk of death, 149.5% higher, RR 2.50, p < 0.001, treatment 115, control 158.
risk of death/intubation, 47.8% higher, RR 1.48, p = 0.03, treatment 115, control 158.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Milic et al., 1 Apr 2021, retrospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 25 authors.
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatment protocols c19early.org November 2025 Italy United Kingdom Russia USA Sudan Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Vietnam Peru Philippines China Uzbekistan Nepal Ethiopia Iran Ghana Mexico South Korea Germany Bangladesh Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland India DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Venezuela Nigeria Egypt Bolivia Taiwan Zambia Fiji Bosnia-Herzegovina Ukraine Côte d'Ivoire Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Singapore Iceland New Zealand Czechia Mongolia Israel Trinidad and Tobago Hong Kong North Macedonia Belarus Qatar Panama Serbia CAR Italy favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy of treatments was very low.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment, andforgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19treatment protocols worldwide c19early.org November 2025 Italy United Kingdom Russia USA Sudan Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Vietnam Peru Philippines China Uzbekistan Nepal Ethiopia Iran Ghana Mexico South Korea Germany Bangladesh Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland India DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Venezuela Nigeria Egypt Bolivia Taiwan Zambia Fiji Bosnia-Herzegovina Ukraine Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Singapore New Zealand Malawi Czechia Mongolia Israel Trinidad and Tobago North Macedonia Belarus Qatar Panama Serbia Syria Italy favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy was very low.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment,and forgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1089/aid.2020.0305", "ISSN": [ "0889-2229", "1931-8405" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/AID.2020.0305", "alternative-id": [ "10.1089/aid.2020.0305" ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental, and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy." }, { "name": "Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Milic", "given": "Jovana", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Pharmacotherapy and Appropriateness of Drug Prescription Unit, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy." } ], "family": "Novella", "given": "Alessio", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Meschiari", "given": "Marianna", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Menozzi", "given": "Marianna", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Santoro", "given": "Antonella", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Bedini", "given": "Andrea", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Cuomo", "given": "Gianluca", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Franceschini", "given": "Erica", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Digaetano", "given": "Margherita", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Carli", "given": "Federica", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Ciusa", "given": "Giacomo", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Volpi", "given": "Sara", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Bacca", "given": "Erica", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Franceschi", "given": "Giacomo", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Yaacoub", "given": "Dina", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Rogati", "given": "Carlotta", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Tutone", "given": "Marco", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Burastero", "given": "Giulia", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Faltoni", "given": "Matteo", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Iadisernia", "given": "Vittorio", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Dolci", "given": "Giovanni", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Cossarizza", "given": "Andrea", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental, and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy." }, { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Mussini", "given": "Cristina", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Pharmacotherapy and Appropriateness of Drug Prescription Unit, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy." } ], "family": "Pasina", "given": "Luca", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental, and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy." }, { "name": "Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy." } ], "family": "Guaraldi", "given": "Giovanni", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses", "container-title-short": "AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 2, 23 ] ], "date-time": "2021-02-23T13:02:44Z", "timestamp": 1614085364000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 4, 2 ] ], "date-time": "2021-04-02T20:47:49Z", "timestamp": 1617396469000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 7, 19 ] ], "date-time": "2024-07-19T04:37:24Z", "timestamp": 1721363844441 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 5, "issue": "4", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 4, 1 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "4", "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 4, 1 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 4, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2021-04-01T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1617235200000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full-xml/10.1089/aid.2020.0305", "content-type": "application/xml", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/aid.2020.0305", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "278", "original-title": [], "page": "283-291", "prefix": "10.1089", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 4, 1 ] ] }, "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 4, 1 ] ] }, "publisher": "Mary Ann Liebert Inc", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.2174/0929867327666200416131117", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B1" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.m2980", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B2" }, { "DOI": "10.1074/jbc.RA120.013679", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B3" }, { "author": "Wang Y", "first-page": "1", "journal-title": "Lancet", "key": "B4", "volume": "0", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2007764", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B5" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.25729", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B6" }, { "DOI": "10.1517/14656566.9.13.2363", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B7" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2001282", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B8" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32013-4", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B9" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s00380-020-01671-4", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B10" }, { "DOI": "10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832c7b5c", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B11" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.07.022", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B12" }, { "DOI": "10.3851/IMP3049", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B13" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s40271-020-00413-y", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B14" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.085", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B15" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/ofid/ofaa241", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B16" }, { "author": "Guaraldi G", "first-page": "1", "journal-title": "Lancet Rheumatol", "key": "B19", "volume": "9913", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2021436", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B20" }, { "DOI": "10.4103/0970-9185.168165", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B21" }, { "DOI": "10.1097/CCM.0000000000004741", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B22" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.bja.2017.10.021", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B23" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-208209", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B24" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/jac/dkaa340", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B25" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.arteri.2020.06.003", "author": "Lima Martínez MM", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "278", "journal-title": "Clín Investig Arterioscler", "key": "B26", "volume": "32", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.002", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B27" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fphar.2020.582348", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "B28" }, { "author": "Cojutti PG", "first-page": "1251", "journal-title": "HIV patients: The role of interleukin-6. Clin Pharmacokinet", "key": "B30", "volume": "59", "year": "2020" } ], "reference-count": 27, "references-count": 27, "relation": {}, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/aid.2020.0305" } }, "score": 1, "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [], "subtitle": [], "title": "Darunavir/Cobicistat Is Associated with Negative Outcomes in HIV-Negative Patients with Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia", "type": "journal-article", "volume": "37" }
Late treatment
is less effective
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 200,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. IMA and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit