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Boosting Immunity: Synergistic Antiviral Effects of Luteolin, Vitamin C, Magnesium, and Zinc Against SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro

Ferreira et al., Bioscience Reports, doi:10.1042/BSR20240617

Jul 2024

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Zinc for COVID-19

2nd treatment shown to reduce risk in July 2020

^*, now with p = 0.00000064 from 45 studies, recognized in 17 countries.

Lower risk for mortality, ventilation, hospitalization, progression, recovery, and viral clearance.

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments. ^* >10% efficacy, ≥3 studies.

4,700+ studies for 92 treatments. c19early.org

In Vitro and In Silico study showing synergistic antiviral effects of luteolin, vitamin C, magnesium, and zinc against SARS-CoV-2 3CL^pro. Authors found that luteolin inhibited SARS-CoV-2 3CL^pro with an IC₅₀ of 78 μM, which decreased 10-fold to 7.6 μM in the presence of zinc, magnesium, and vitamin C.

10 preclinical studies support the efficacy of zinc for COVID-19:

5 In Silico studies1-5

4 In Vitro studies3,6-8

1 In Vivo animal study3

Important missing comments or errors? Let us know.

Study covers vitamin C and zinc.

1. Agamah et al., Network-based multi-omics-disease-drug associations reveal drug repurposing candidates for COVID-19 disease phases, ScienceOpen, doi:10.58647/DRUGARXIV.PR000010.v1.scienceopen.com, doi.org.

2. Lockwood, T., Coordination chemistry suggests that independently observed benefits of metformin and Zn2+ against COVID-19 are not independent, BioMetals, doi:10.1007/s10534-024-00590-5.springer.com, doi.org.

3. El-Megharbel et al., Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of (Artemisinin/Quercetin/ Zinc) novel mixed ligand complex with assessment of its potent high antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and antioxidant capacity against toxicity induced by acrylamide in male rats, PeerJ, doi:10.7717/peerj.15638.peerj.com, doi.org.

4. Bess et al., Identification of oral therapeutics using an AI platform against the virus responsible for COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Frontiers in Pharmacology, doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1297924.frontiersin.org, doi.org.

5. Pormohammad et al., Zinc and SARS-CoV-2: A molecular modeling study of Zn interactions with RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase and 3C-like proteinase enzymes, International Journal of Molecular Medicine, doi:10.3892/ijmm.2020.4790.spandidos-publications.com, doi.org.

6. Hajdrik et al., In Vitro Determination of Inhibitory Effects of Humic Substances Complexing Zn and Se on SARS-CoV-2 Virus Replication, Foods, doi:10.3390/foods11050694.mdpi.com, doi.org.

7. Panchariya et al., Zinc2+ ion inhibits SARS-CoV-2 main protease and viral replication in vitro, Chemical Communications, doi:10.1039/D1CC03563K.rsc.org, doi.org.

8. te Velthuis et al., Zn2+ Inhibits Coronavirus and Arterivirus RNA Polymerase Activity In Vitro and Zinc Ionophores Block the Replication of These Viruses in Cell Culture, PLOS Pathogens 2010, 6:11, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176.plos.org, doi.org.

Ferreira et al., 24 Jul 2024, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.

In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.

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