Spironolactone reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta-analysis of 12 studies (Version 13)

Significantly lower risk is seen for mortality, progression, and recovery. 11 studies from 10 independent teams in 8 countries show significant benefit.

Meta-analysis using the most serious outcome reported shows 31% [15‑44%] lower risk. Results are similar for Randomized Controlled Trials, higher quality studies, and peer-reviewed studies. Early treatment is more effective than late treatment.

Results are robust—in worst case exclusion sensitivity analysis 4 of 12 studies must be excluded before statistical significance is lost. Emergent results for meta-regression of efficacy vs. treatment delay (p = 0.0022) that match biological mechanisms confirm efficacy.

Control Spironolactone

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine safe and effective options with individual risk/benefit analysis and monitoring. Other treatments are more effective. Administration with a high-fat meal increases the bioavailability of spironolactone. All data and sources to reproduce this analysis are in the appendix.