Evaluation the plausibility of repurpose of levamisole and niclosamide in treatment of covid-19
et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Technolgy, doi:10.37662/jpt.2022.999481, Dec 2022
55th treatment shown to reduce risk in
August 2025, now with p = 0.0069 from 7 studies.
Lower risk for recovery.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols
combine treatments.
6,300+ studies for
210+ treatments. c19early.org
|
Review of the plausibility of repurposing levamisole and niclosamide for treatment of COVID-19. Niclosamide, an FDA-approved antihelminthic drug, has shown antiviral activity against various viruses including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and potentially SARS-CoV-2 by preventing viral entry and replication. Authors highlight recent studies suggesting niclosamide may be effective against COVID-19 through modulating endosomal pH and autophagy, with inhaled and injectable formulations under development and clinical trials planned. Levamisole, another antihelminthic drug with immunostimulant effects, has limited studies on COVID-19 but may enhance immunity and interfere with virulence factors.
1.
Mothae et al., SARS-CoV-2 host-pathogen interactome: insights into more players during pathogenesis, Virology, doi:10.1016/j.virol.2025.110607.
2.
Saha et al., Inhaled Dry Powder of Antiviral Agents: A Promising Approach to Treating Respiratory Viral Pathogens, Viruses, doi:10.3390/v17020252.
3.
Ali et al., SARS-CoV-2 Syncytium under the Radar: Molecular Insights of the Spike-Induced Syncytia and Potential Strategies to Limit SARS-CoV-2 Replication, Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm12186079.
4.
Vibhute et al., Niclosamide: a potential treatment option for COVID-19, International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, doi:10.22159/ijap.2023v15i1.45850.
5.
Abed et al., Evaluation the plausibility of repurpose of levamisole and niclosamide in treatment of covid-19, Journal of Pharmaceutical Technolgy, doi:10.37662/jpt.2022.999481.
6.
Cesar-Silva et al., The Endolysosomal System: The Acid Test for SARS-CoV-2, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms23094576.
Abed et al., 1 Dec 2022, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.
Contact: ahmbiq8@gmail.com.
Abstract: REVIEW
ARTICLE
e-ISSN: 2717-7904
https://doi.org/10.37662/jpt.2022.999481
Evaluation the plausibility of repurpose of levamisole
and niclosamide in treatment of Covid-19
Ahmed Badri Abed1* , Safiye Elif Korcan2
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey
Uşak Health Training School, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey
1
2
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Since the world health organization declared the pandemic of covid 19,
many drugs have been tested and re-evaluated to find effective treatment
for the novel corona virus infection. Niclosamide and Levamisole which are
FDA approved anthelmintic drugs have been evaluated by many researchers
and agencies to repurpose of these drugs as additional options for existing
treatment strategy used for patients with Covid-19. Hence we are trying in this
review to introduce most reports that evaluated the use of Niclosamide and
Levamisole for treatment of patients infected with Covid 19. We concluded
that the encouraging studies regarding the repurpose of the two drugs may
highlighting for further studies that can widening the options for existing
treatment strategy used for patients with COVID-19.
Received
Revised
Accepted
Online
Published
22 Sep 2021
26 Jan 2022
24 Oct 2022
04 Nov 2022
04 Nov 2022
Keywords:
Anthelmintic drugs
Covid-19
Levamisole
Niclosamide
SARS-CoV-2
*Corresponding author:
ahmbiq8@gmail.com
This is an open-access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY).
DOI record:
{
"DOI": "10.37662/jpt.2022.999481",
"ISSN": [
"2717-7904"
],
"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.37662/jpt.2022.999481",
"abstract": "<jats:p xml:lang=\"tr\">Since the world health organization declared the pandemic of covid 19, many drugs have been tested and re-evaluated to find effective treatment for the novel corona virus infection. Niclosamide and Levamisole which are FDA approved anthelmintic drugs have been evaluated by many researchers and agencies to repurpose of these drugs as additional options for existing treatment strategy used for patients with Covid-19. Hence we are trying in this review to introduce most reports that evaluated the use of Niclosamide and Levamisole for treatment of patients infected with Covid 19. We concluded that the encouraging studies regarding the repurpose of the two drugs may highlighting for further studies that can widening the options for existing treatment strategy used for patients with COVID-19.</jats:p>",
"accepted": {
"date-parts": [
[
2022,
12,
1
]
]
},
"author": [
{
"ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7803-7917",
"affiliation": [],
"authenticated-orcid": true,
"family": "Abed",
"given": "Ahmed Bedri",
"sequence": "first"
},
{
"ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7875-5516",
"affiliation": [],
"authenticated-orcid": true,
"family": "Korcan",
"given": "Safiye Elif",
"sequence": "additional"
}
],
"container-title": "Journal of Pharmaceutical Technolgy",
"container-title-short": "jpt",
"content-domain": {
"crossmark-restriction": false,
"domain": []
},
"created": {
"date-parts": [
[
2022,
11,
7
]
],
"date-time": "2022-11-07T14:59:52Z",
"timestamp": 1667833192000
},
"deposited": {
"date-parts": [
[
2022,
11,
7
]
],
"date-time": "2022-11-07T14:59:55Z",
"timestamp": 1667833195000
},
"indexed": {
"date-parts": [
[
2022,
11,
8
]
],
"date-time": "2022-11-08T05:54:19Z",
"timestamp": 1667886859297
},
"is-referenced-by-count": 0,
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2022,
12,
1
]
]
},
"language": "en",
"member": "24579",
"original-title": [],
"prefix": "10.37662",
"published": {
"date-parts": [
[
2022,
12,
1
]
]
},
"published-online": {
"date-parts": [
[
2022,
12,
1
]
]
},
"publisher": "Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology published by Mustafa Sinan Kaynak",
"reference-count": 0,
"references-count": 0,
"relation": {},
"resource": {
"primary": {
"URL": "https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jpharmtech/issue/73354/999481"
}
},
"score": 1,
"short-title": [],
"source": "Crossref",
"subject": [],
"subtitle": [],
"title": "Evaluation the plausibility of repurpose of levamisole and niclosamide in treatment of covid-19",
"type": "journal-article"
}