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Supplementary Data — SA58 reduced COVID-19 risk: real-time meta-analysis of 3 studies

@CovidAnalysis, November 2026, Version 1V1

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SA58 COVID-19 outcomes

c19early.org

November 2026

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Wang34%0.66 · 0.55–0.80cases44/70343/362 Song (SB RCT)81%0.19 · 0.08–0.48symp. case824 (n)299 (n) Song (SB RCT)62%0.38 · 0.23–0.62cases824 (n)299 (n) Si78%0.22 · 0.10–0.48cases3,368 (all patients)

00.511.52+

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← SA58
reduces riskSA58
increases risk →

Fig. S1. All outcomes.

Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.

Most accessed treatments

Antiviral effects

Vitamins & Minerals

Host endosomal entry / trafficking

Dual-action mAbs

RdRp

Nasal & Oral Sprays / Rinses

Analgesics

Antiandrogens

Host targets and pathways

Inflammatory and immune modulation

Mpro (Gen 1)

Oxidative stress and cytoprotection

Lifestyles

TMPRSS2

Spike neutralization

Replication inhibition (target unresolved)

COVID-19 mAbs

Pleiotropic modulation

Attachment / entry inhibition

Mpro (Gen 2)

H1RAs

Nutrients and microbiome support

Host mAbs

IL-6 / IL-6R blockade

Physical and extracorporeal interventions

Natural products and extracts

Symptom management

Unconfirmed antiviral rationale

Lifestyle, behaviors, and exposure prevention

Other complication management

Mpro / 3CLpro

Host pyrimidine synthesis

Direct viral inactivation

Endothelial / vascular protection

Direct respiratory tract treatments

Other antibodies, proteins, peptides, cells, and RNA therapies

Secondary infection and coinfection management

Supplementary Data — SA58 reduced COVID-19 risk: real-time meta-analysis of 3 studies

SA58 COVID-19 outcomes