Effects of Immunotoxicity biomarkers, essential elements and vitamin D levels on the severity levels of COVID-19 disease in Turkey

{ 'indexed': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 21]], 'date-time': '2024-10-21T04:10:23Z', 'timestamp': 1729483823570, 'version': '3.27.0'}, 'reference-count': 23, 'publisher': 'Oxford University Press (OUP)', 'issue': '5', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 9, 2]], 'date-time': '2024-09-02T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1725235200000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights'}], 'funder': [ { 'name': 'University of Health Sciences Turkey Scientific Research Projects Unit', 'award': ['BAP – 2022/127']}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2024, 9, 2]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Many mechanisms are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of the ' 'COVID-19 pandemic, which started in 2019 and affected the whole world. It has been claimed ' 'that a deficiency in the immune system can significantly affect the severity of COVID-19 ' 'disease. It is important that the levels of essential elements and vitamin D are at certain ' 'levels for the healthy functioning of the immune system. Therefore, in this study, it was ' 'aimed to evaluate immunotoxicity biomarkers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin ' '(IL)-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)), vitamin D, and ' 'essential element levels in COVID-19 patients in Turkey. According to the results of the ' 'study, it was found that the magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) levels decreased as ' 'the severity of the disease worsened, while the iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) levels were ' 'similar to the mild group and the control group, and the levels decreased as the disease ' 'worsened. It has also been found that vitamin D levels decrease as the severity of the ' 'disease worsens. Compared to the control group, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IFN-γ levels were found to ' 'decrease as the severity of the disease worsened. Also, it was observed that there was a ' 'significant relationship between essential metal levels and disease progression in most of ' 'the patient groups.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.1093/toxres/tfae177', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 15]], 'date-time': '2024-10-15T16:12:12Z', 'timestamp': 1729008732000}, 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Effects of Immunotoxicity biomarkers, essential elements and vitamin D levels on the severity ' 'levels of COVID-19 disease in Turkey', 'prefix': '10.1093', 'volume': '13', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-2266', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Jülide', 'family': 'Secerlı', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, University of Health ' 'Sciences Turkey, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy , 06018 Ankara ,', 'place': ['Türkiye']}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9469-5066', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Serdar', 'family': 'Çetinkaya', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, University of Health ' 'Sciences Turkey, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy , 06018 Ankara ,', 'place': ['Türkiye']}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3752-1777', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'İlknur Sıla', 'family': 'Leblebici', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, University of Health ' 'Sciences Turkey, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy , 06018 Ankara ,', 'place': ['Türkiye']}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0009-0002-6781-5960', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Latif Alperen', 'family': 'Özdemir', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Chest Diseases, University of Health Sciences ' 'Turkey, Gülhane Research and Training Hospital , 06018 Ankara ,', 'place': ['Türkiye']}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2647-440X', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Çiğdem', 'family': 'Yücel', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, University of Health ' 'Sciences Turkey, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy , 06018 Ankara ,', 'place': ['Türkiye']}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3085-7809', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Eda', 'family': 'Karaismailoğlu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Biostatistics, University of Health Sciences ' 'Turkey, Gülhane Faculty of Medicine , 06018 Ankara ,', 'place': ['Türkiye']}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-8255', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Umut', 'family': 'Kara', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'General Intensive Care Unit, Special Acıbadem Ataşehir Hospital ' ', 34758 İstanbul ,', 'place': ['Türkiye']}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1868-0617', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Aydan', 'family': 'Özcan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Sports Medicine, University of Health Sciences ' 'Turkey, Gülhane Faculty of Medicine , 06018 Ankara ,', 'place': ['Türkiye']}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3789-7769', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Nesrin', 'family': 'Öcal', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Chest Diseases, University of Health Sciences ' 'Turkey, Gülhane Research and Training Hospital , 06018 Ankara ,', 'place': ['Türkiye']}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7614-1198', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Yakup', 'family': 'Arslan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Chest Diseases, University of Health Sciences ' 'Turkey, Gülhane Research and Training Hospital , 06018 Ankara ,', 'place': ['Türkiye']}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4571-3923', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Serkan', 'family': 'Şenkal', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'General Intensive Care Unit, Special Acıbadem Ataşehir Hospital ' ', 34758 İstanbul ,', 'place': ['Türkiye']}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5849-3552', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Onur', 'family': 'Erdem', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, University of Health ' 'Sciences Turkey, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy , 06018 Ankara ,', 'place': ['Türkiye']}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8757-0572', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Merve Güdül', 'family': 'Bacanlı', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, University of Health ' 'Sciences Turkey, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy , 06018 Ankara ,', 'place': ['Türkiye']}]}], 'member': '286', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 20]]}, 'reference': [ { 'issue': '7798', 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '265', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3', 'article-title': 'A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China', 'volume': '579', 'author': 'Wu', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nature'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12967-020-02520-8', 'article-title': 'Pathophysiology and treatment strategies for COVID-19', 'volume': '18', 'author': 'Kumar', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J Transl Med'}, { 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3389/FIMMU.2023.1125246', 'article-title': 'The development of COVID-19 treatment', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Yuan', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Front Immunol'}, { 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105051', 'article-title': 'Targeting inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19', 'volume': '159', 'author': 'Huang', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Pharmacol Res'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41392-020-00243-2', 'article-title': 'COVID-19: immunopathogenesis and Immunotherapeutics', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Yang', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Signal Transduction Targeted Ther'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref6', 'first-page': '188', 'article-title': 'Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of cytokine release ' 'syndrome', 'volume': '124', 'author': 'Lee', 'year': '2014', 'journal-title': 'J Am Soc Hematol'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref7', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2074', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu12072074', 'article-title': 'Relevance of essential trace elements in nutrition and drinking water ' 'for human health and autoimmune disease risk', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'Cannas', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nutrients'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '416', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12291-021-00961-6', 'article-title': 'Trace elements as Immunoregulators in SARS-CoV-2 and other viral ' 'infections', 'volume': '1-11', 'author': 'Dharmalingam', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Indian J Clin Biochem'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '90', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12016-022-08921-5', 'article-title': 'Risk and protective factors for COVID-19 morbidity, severity, and ' 'mortality', 'volume': '64', 'author': 'Zhang', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Clin Rev Allergy Immunol'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '356', 'DOI': '10.1006/cimm.1993.1245', 'article-title': 'Impaired bone marrow-derived macrophage differentiation in vitamin D ' 'deficiency', 'volume': '151', 'author': 'Abu-Amer', 'year': '1993', 'journal-title': 'Cell Immunol'}, { 'issue': '8', 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref11', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2419', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms19082419', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D and influenza—prevention or therapy?', 'volume': '19', 'author': 'Gruber-Bzura', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Int J Mol Sci'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '3312', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-017-03474-6', 'article-title': 'Chronic vitamin D deficiency induces lung fibrosis through activation ' 'of the renin-angiotensin system', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'Shi', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'Sci Rep'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1129', 'DOI': '10.1017/S0950268806007175', 'article-title': 'Epidemic influenza and vitamin D', 'volume': '134', 'author': 'Cannell', 'year': '2006', 'journal-title': 'Epidemiol Infect'}, { 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref14', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'i6583', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmj.i6583', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract ' 'infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual ' 'participant data. The', 'volume': '356', 'author': 'Martineau', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'BMJ'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1195', 'DOI': '10.1007/s40520-020-01570-8', 'article-title': 'The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 ' 'infection and mortality', 'volume': '32', 'author': 'Ilie', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Aging Clin Exp Res'}, { 'issue': '9', 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref16', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e2019722', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19722', 'article-title': 'Association of Vitamin D Status and Other Clinical Characteristics with ' 'COVID-19 test results', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'Meltzer', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Netw Open'}, { 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref17', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '117808', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117808', 'article-title': 'Lungs as target of COVID-19 infection: protective common molecular ' 'mechanisms of vitamin D and melatonin as a new potential synergistic ' 'treatment', 'volume': '254', 'author': 'Giménez', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Life Sci'}, { 'issue': '8', 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '724', 'DOI': '10.1080/07315724.2020.1826005', 'article-title': 'Does serum vitamin D level affect COVID-19 infection and its ' 'severity?-a case-control study', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'Ye', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J Am Coll Nutr'}, { 'issue': '10', 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '3051', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00204-018-2296-7', 'article-title': 'Evaluation of FSH, LH, testosterone levels and semen parameters in male ' 'boron workers under extreme exposure conditions', 'volume': '92', 'author': 'Duydu', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Arch Toxicol'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref20', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '3138', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12011-021-02946-1', 'article-title': 'Evaluation of serum trace element levels and biochemical parameters of ' 'COVID-19 patients according to disease severity', 'volume': '1-9', 'author': 'Kocak, OF', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Biol Trace Elem Res'}, { 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '307', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.006', 'article-title': 'Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 with high dose oral zinc salts: a report on ' 'four patients', 'volume': '99', 'author': 'Finzi', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Int J Infect Dis'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '108', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.082', 'article-title': 'The minimal effect of zinc on the survival of hospitalized patients ' 'with COVID-19: an observational study', 'volume': '159', 'author': 'Yao', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Chest'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '2024102103415428900_ref23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '561', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.050', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK biobank', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Hastie', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev'}], 'container-title': 'Toxicology Research', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://academic.oup.com/toxres/article-pdf/13/5/tfae177/59919887/tfae177.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'syndication'}, { 'URL': 'https://academic.oup.com/toxres/article-pdf/13/5/tfae177/59919887/tfae177.pdf', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 21]], 'date-time': '2024-10-21T03:42:09Z', 'timestamp': 1729482129000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': { 'primary': { 'URL': 'https://academic.oup.com/toxres/article/doi/10.1093/toxres/tfae177/7828243'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2024, 9, 2]]}, 'references-count': 23, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '5', 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2024, 9, 2]]}}, 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfae177', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['2045-4538'], 'subject': [], 'published-other': {'date-parts': [[2024, 10]]}, 'published': {'date-parts': [[2024, 9, 2]]}}