Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
 
next
study
previous
study
c19hcq.org COVID-19 treatment researchHCQHCQ (more..)
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Antihistamines Meta
Azvudine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta

All Studies   Meta Analysis       

Structural and molecular modelling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection

Fantini et al., Int J Antimicrob Agents, 55:5, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960
Apr 2020  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF   All Studies   Meta AnalysisMeta
HCQ for COVID-19
1st treatment shown to reduce risk in March 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 419 studies, recognized in 46 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 112 treatments. c19hcq.org
In Silico analysis confirming the antiviral properties of CQ, showing a new mechanism of action of CQ, and showing that HCQ is more potent than CQ.
Fantini et al., 3 Apr 2020, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.
This PaperHCQAll
Structural and molecular modelling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection
Jacques Fantini, Coralie Di Scala, Henri Chahinian, Nouara Yahi
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960
Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre -including this research content -immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
Competing interests: None declared. Ethical approval: Not required.
References
Colson, Rolain, Lagier, Brouqui, Raoult, Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19, Int J Antimicrob Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105932
Colson, Rolain, Raoult, Chloroquine for the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, Int J Antimicrob Agents
Fantini, Garmy, Yahi, Prediction of glycolipid-binding domains from the amino acid sequence of lipid raft-associated proteins: application to HpaA, a protein involved in the adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to gastrointestinal cells, Biochemistry
Fantini, Yahi, Brain lipids in synaptic function and neurological disease. Clues to innovative therapeutic strategies for brain disorders
Fantini, Yahi, Molecular insights into amyloid regulation by membrane cholesterol and sphingolipids: common mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases, Expert Rev Mol Med
Flores, Ramirez-Franco, Desplantes, Debreux, Ferracci et al., Gangliosides interact with synaptotagmin to form the high-affinity receptor complex for botulinum neurotoxin B, Proc Natl Acad Sci
Gao, Tian, Yang, Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies, Biosci Trends, doi:10.5582/bst.2020.01047
Guvench, Greene, Kamath, Brady, Venable et al., Additive empirical force field for hexopyranose monosaccharides, J Comput Chem
Hoffmann, Kleine-Weber, Schroeder, Krüger, Herrler et al., SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor, Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
Huang, Huang, Scala, Wang, Wandall et al., The glycosphingolipid MacCer promotes synaptic bouton formation in drosophila by interacting with Wnt, Elife
Huta, Mehlenbacher, Nie, Lai, Zubieta et al., The lysosomal protein saposin B binds chloroquine, Chem Med Chem
Lee, Patel, Ståhle, Park, Kern et al., CHARMM-GUI membrane builder for complex biological membrane simulations with glycolipids and lipoglycans, J Chem Theory Comput
Li, Hulswit, Widjaja, Raj, Mcbride et al., Identification of sialic acid-binding function for the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike glycoprotein, Proc Natl Acad Sci
Li, Moore, Vasilieva, Sui, Wong et al., Angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus, Nature
Lu, Liu, Tam, Lipid rafts are involved in SARS-CoV entry into Vero E6 cells, Biochem Biophys Res Commun
Mahfoud, Garmy, Maresca, Yahi, Puigserver et al., Identification of a common sphingolipid-binding domain in Alzheimer, prion, and HIV-1 proteins, J Biol Chem
Matrosovich, Herrler, Klenk, Sialic acid receptors of viruses, Top Curr Chem
Mauthe, Orhon, Rocchi, Zhou, Luhr et al., Chloroquine inhibits autophagic flux by decreasing autophagosome-lysosome fusion, Autophagy
Mullard, Drug repurposing programmes get lift off, Nat Rev Drug Discov
Park, Walls, Wang, Sauer, Li et al., Structures of MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein in complex with sialoside attachment receptors, Nat Struct Mol Biol
Savarino, Trani, Donatelli, Cauda, Cassone, New insights into the antiviral effects of chloroquine, Lancet Infect Dis
Scala, Fantini, Hybrid in silico/in vitro approaches for the identification of functional cholesterol-binding domains in membrane proteins, Methods Mol Biol
Tortorici, Walls, Lang, Wang, Li et al., Structural basis for human coronavirus attachment to sialic acid receptors, Nat Struct Mol Biol
Verma, Gupta, Lal, Host lipid rafts play a major role in binding and endocytosis of influenza A virus, Viruses
Vincent, Bergeron, Benjannet, Erickson, Rollin et al., Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread, Virol J
Wrapp, Wang, Corbett, Goldsmith, Hsieh et al., Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation, Science
Yahi, Fantini, Deciphering the glycolipid code of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's amyloid proteins allowed the creation of a universal ganglioside-binding peptide, PLoS One
Yan, Zhang, Li, Xia, Guo et al., Structural basis for the recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2, Science, doi:10.1126/science.abb2762
Yao, Ye, Zhang, Cui, Huang et al., In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Clin Infect Dis, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa237
Zhou, Yang, Wang, Hu, Zhang et al., A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin, Nature
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 14]], 'date-time': '2024-05-14T13:53:27Z', 'timestamp': 1715694807702}, 'reference-count': 30, 'publisher': 'Elsevier BV', 'issue': '5', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 5, 1]], 'date-time': '2020-05-01T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1588291200000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 5, 22]], 'date-time': '2021-05-22T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1621641600000}, 'content-version': 'am', 'delay-in-days': 386, 'URL': 'http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/'}], 'content-domain': { 'domain': [ 'clinicalkey.jp', 'clinicalkey.com', 'clinicalkey.es', 'clinicalkey.com.au', 'clinicalkey.fr', 'elsevier.com', 'sciencedirect.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': True}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2020, 5]]}, 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2020, 4, 3]], 'date-time': '2020-04-03T14:36:50Z', 'timestamp': 1585924610000}, 'page': '105960', 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/elsevier_cm_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 422, 'title': 'Structural and molecular modelling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and ' 'hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection', 'prefix': '10.1016', 'volume': '55', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8653-5521', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Jacques', 'family': 'Fantini', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Coralie', 'family': 'Di Scala', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Henri', 'family': 'Chahinian', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Nouara', 'family': 'Yahi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '78', 'reference': [ { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0001', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '270', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7', 'article-title': 'A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat ' 'origin', 'volume': '579', 'author': 'Zhou', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nature'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0002', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '505', 'DOI': '10.1038/nrd3776', 'article-title': 'Drug repurposing programmes get lift off', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Mullard', 'year': '2012', 'journal-title': 'Nat Rev Drug Discov'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0003', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105923', 'article-title': 'Chloroquine for the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2', 'volume': '55', 'author': 'Colson', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Int J Antimicrob Agents'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0004', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.5582/bst.2020.01047', 'article-title': 'Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in ' 'treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies', 'author': 'Gao', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Biosci Trends'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0005', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '67', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70361-9', 'article-title': 'New insights into the antiviral effects of chloroquine', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'Savarino', 'year': '2006', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Infect Dis'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0006', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1435', 'DOI': '10.1080/15548627.2018.1474314', 'article-title': 'Chloroquine inhibits autophagic flux by decreasing ' 'autophagosome–lysosome fusion', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Mauthe', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Autophagy'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0007', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '69', 'DOI': '10.1186/1743-422X-2-69', 'article-title': 'Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and ' 'spread', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Vincent', 'year': '2005', 'journal-title': 'Virol J'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0008', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '450', 'DOI': '10.1038/nature02145', 'article-title': 'Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS ' 'coronavirus', 'volume': '426', 'author': 'Li', 'year': '2003', 'journal-title': 'Nature'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0009', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1126/science.abb2762', 'article-title': 'Structural basis for the recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 by full-length ' 'human ACE2', 'author': 'Yan', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Science'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0010', 'first-page': '1', 'article-title': 'Sialic acid receptors of viruses', 'volume': '367', 'author': 'Matrosovich', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'Top Curr Chem'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0011', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '7', 'DOI': '10.1007/978-1-4939-6875-6_2', 'article-title': 'Hybrid in silico/in vitro approaches for the identification of ' 'functional cholesterol-binding domains in membrane proteins', 'volume': '1583', 'author': 'Di Scala', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'Methods Mol Biol'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0012', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105932', 'article-title': 'Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight ' 'COVID-19', 'author': 'Colson', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Int J Antimicrob Agents'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0013', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '18098', 'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.1908051116', 'article-title': 'Gangliosides interact with synaptotagmin to form the high-affinity ' 'receptor complex for botulinum neurotoxin B', 'volume': '116', 'author': 'Flores', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'Proc Natl Acad Sci USA'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0014', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.7554/eLife.38183', 'article-title': 'The glycosphingolipid MacCer promotes synaptic bouton formation in ' 'drosophila by interacting with Wnt', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'Huang', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Elife'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0015', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '775', 'DOI': '10.1021/acs.jctc.8b01066', 'article-title': 'CHARMM-GUI membrane builder for complex biological membrane simulations ' 'with glycolipids and lipoglycans', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'Lee', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'J Chem Theory Comput'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0016', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1260', 'DOI': '10.1126/science.abb2507', 'article-title': 'Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation', 'volume': '367', 'author': 'Wrapp', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Science'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0017', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2543', 'DOI': '10.1002/jcc.21004', 'article-title': 'Additive empirical force field for hexopyranose monosaccharides', 'volume': '29', 'author': 'Guvench', 'year': '2008', 'journal-title': 'J Comput Chem'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0018', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1151', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41594-019-0334-7', 'article-title': 'Structures of MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein in complex with sialoside ' 'attachment receptors', 'volume': '26', 'author': 'Park', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'Nat Struct Mol Biol'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0019', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '277', 'DOI': '10.1002/cmdc.201500494', 'article-title': 'The lysosomal protein saposin\u2005B binds chloroquine', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Huta', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'Chem Med Chem'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0020', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0104751', 'article-title': "Deciphering the glycolipid code of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's amyloid " 'proteins allowed the creation of a universal ganglioside-binding ' 'peptide', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Yahi', 'year': '2014', 'journal-title': 'PLoS One'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0021', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.3390/v10110650', 'article-title': 'Host lipid rafts play a major role in binding and endocytosis of ' 'influenza A virus', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'Verma', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Viruses'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0022', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '344', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.023', 'article-title': 'Lipid rafts are involved in SARS-CoV entry into Vero E6 cells', 'volume': '369', 'author': 'Lu', 'year': '2008', 'journal-title': 'Biochem Biophys Res Commun'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0023', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '481', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41594-019-0233-y', 'article-title': 'Structural basis for human coronavirus attachment to sialic acid ' 'receptors', 'volume': '26', 'author': 'Tortorici', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'Nat Struct Mol Biol'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0024', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052', 'article-title': 'SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a ' 'clinically proven protease inhibitor', 'author': 'Hoffmann', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Cell'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0025', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'E8508', 'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.1712592114', 'article-title': 'Identification of sialic acid-binding function for the Middle East ' 'respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike glycoprotein', 'volume': '114', 'author': 'Li', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'Proc Natl Acad Sci USA'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0026', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e27', 'DOI': '10.1017/S1462399410001602', 'article-title': 'Molecular insights into amyloid regulation by membrane cholesterol and ' 'sphingolipids: common mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'Fantini', 'year': '2010', 'journal-title': 'Expert Rev Mol Med'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0027', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '11292', 'DOI': '10.1074/jbc.M111679200', 'article-title': 'Identification of a common sphingolipid-binding domain in Alzheimer, ' 'prion, and HIV-1 proteins', 'volume': '277', 'author': 'Mahfoud', 'year': '2002', 'journal-title': 'J Biol Chem'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0028', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '10957', 'DOI': '10.1021/bi060762s', 'article-title': 'Prediction of glycolipid-binding domains from the amino acid sequence ' 'of lipid raft-associated proteins: application to HpaA, a protein ' 'involved in the adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to gastrointestinal ' 'cells', 'volume': '45', 'author': 'Fantini', 'year': '2006', 'journal-title': 'Biochemistry'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0029', 'series-title': 'Brain lipids in synaptic function and neurological disease. Clues to ' 'innovative therapeutic strategies for brain disorders', 'author': 'Fantini', 'year': '2015'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960_bib0030', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1093/cid/ciaa237', 'article-title': 'In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design ' 'of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory ' 'syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)', 'author': 'Yao', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Clin Infect Dis'}], 'container-title': 'International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0924857920301102?httpAccept=text/xml', 'content-type': 'text/xml', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0924857920301102?httpAccept=text/plain', 'content-type': 'text/plain', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 4, 18]], 'date-time': '2021-04-18T20:55:53Z', 'timestamp': 1618779353000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924857920301102'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2020, 5]]}, 'references-count': 30, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '5', 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2020, 5]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['S0924857920301102'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['0924-8579'], 'subject': [], 'container-title-short': 'International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2020, 5]]}, 'assertion': [ {'value': 'Elsevier', 'name': 'publisher', 'label': 'This article is maintained by'}, { 'value': 'Structural and molecular modelling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of ' 'chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection', 'name': 'articletitle', 'label': 'Article Title'}, { 'value': 'International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents', 'name': 'journaltitle', 'label': 'Journal Title'}, { 'value': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960', 'name': 'articlelink', 'label': 'CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version'}, {'value': 'article', 'name': 'content_type', 'label': 'Content Type'}, { 'value': '© 2020 Elsevier B.V. and International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights ' 'reserved.', 'name': 'copyright', 'label': 'Copyright'}], 'article-number': '105960'}
Loading..
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit