Synergistic Virus Neutralizing Activities of European Black Elderberry Fruit Extract and Iota-Carrageenan Against SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A Virus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.3390/nu18081205", "ISSN": [ "2072-6643" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu18081205", "abstract": "<jats:p>Background/Objectives: Seasonal waves of respiratory viruses—including SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus (IAV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)—continue to pose a global health burden and highlight the need for antiviral agents that are effective, safe, broadly active, affordable, and widely accessible. Current interventions are limited by the need for their early administration, the risk of resistance, their costs, and the restricted availability in large parts of the world. For certain natural products, such as European black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) fruit extract (ElderCraft®; EC) and the seaweed-derived sulfated polymer iota-carrageenan (IC), antiviral activities against respiratory viruses, particularly IAV and SARS-CoV-2, have previously been shown. Here, we assessed the antiviral activity of IC and an anthocyanin-standardized EC extract against SARS-CoV-2, IAV, and RSV, either as monotherapy or in multiple-dose combinations. Methods: MDCKII cells were infected with IAVPR8, human Calu-3 lung epithelial cells with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, and HEp-2 cells with RSV (A2 strain). Inhibitors were administered either by pre-incubation of cell-free virions prior to infection or, in separate time-of-addition experiments, during or post-infection. Viral replication was quantified by qRT-PCR or intracellular immunostaining. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using a neutral red uptake assay. Results: Most intriguingly, both EC and IC are able to neutralize virions derived from SARS-CoV-2, IAV, or RSV extracellularly in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, EC and IC alone exhibited strong anti-RSV activity, which was not reported previously. Most importantly, combined treatment with IC and EC caused a pronounced synergistic antiviral effect against the tested viruses, as confirmed by the Bliss independence model, without any detectable impact on cell viability. Finally, solutions prepared from matrix-standardized mono- or combi-lozenges, containing IC and/or EC in high or low doses, reproduced the antiviral and synergistic combination effects observed with the pure compounds. Conclusions: In summary, these findings support further development of EC and IC as a topically accessible, virion-neutralizing combination (e.g., lozenges) to provide additional protection against major respiratory viruses and potentially strengthen pandemic preparedness.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "nu18081205" ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Harald zur Hausen Institute of Virology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany" } ], "family": "Setz", "given": "Christian", "role": [ { "role": "author", "vocabulary": "crossref" } ], "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Harald zur Hausen Institute of Virology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany" } ], "family": "Setz", "given": "Melanie", "role": [ { "role": "author", "vocabulary": "crossref" } ], "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Harald zur Hausen Institute of Virology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany" } ], "family": "Rauch", "given": "Pia", "role": [ { "role": "author", "vocabulary": "crossref" } ], "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2522-0663", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Harald zur Hausen Institute of Virology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Schleicher", "given": "Oskar", "role": [ { "role": "author", "vocabulary": "crossref" } ], "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1025-0284", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Iprona Lana SpA, Industriestraße 1/6, I-39011 Lana, Italy" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Plattner", "given": "Stephan", "role": [ { "role": "author", "vocabulary": "crossref" } ], "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Marinomed Biotech AG, A-2100 Korneuburg, Austria" } ], "family": "Grassauer", "given": "Andreas", "role": [ { "role": "author", "vocabulary": "crossref" } ], "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Harald zur Hausen Institute of Virology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany" } ], "family": "Schubert", "given": "Ulrich", "role": [ { "role": "author", "vocabulary": "crossref" } ], "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Nutrients", "container-title-short": "Nutrients", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 4, 10 ] ], "date-time": "2026-04-10T17:05:51Z", "timestamp": 1775840751000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 4, 24 ] ], "date-time": "2026-04-24T04:38:17Z", "timestamp": 1777005497000 }, "funder": [ { "DOI": "10.13039/501100001659", "award": [ "401821119/GRK2504" ], "award-info": [ { "award-number": [ "401821119/GRK2504" ] } ], "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "id": [ { "asserted-by": "publisher", "id": "10.13039/501100001659", "id-type": "DOI" } ], "name": "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft" }, { "award": [ "401821119/GRK2504" ], "award-info": [ { "award-number": [ "401821119/GRK2504" ] } ], "id": [ { "asserted-by": "publisher", "id": "https://ror.org/018mejw64", "id-type": "ROR" } ] } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 4, 24 ] ], "date-time": "2026-04-24T05:35:49Z", "timestamp": 1777008949911, "version": "3.51.4" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "8", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 4, 10 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "8", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 4 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 4, 10 ] ], "date-time": "2026-04-10T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1775779200000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/8/1205/pdf", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "1968", "original-title": [], "page": "1205", "prefix": "10.3390", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 4, 10 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 4, 10 ] ] }, "publisher": "MDPI AG", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1038/s41541-023-00773-0", "article-title": "Outlook of pandemic preparedness in a post-COVID-19 world", "author": "Williams", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "178", "journal-title": "npj Vaccines", "key": "ref_1", "volume": "8", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fmed.2021.664179", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_2", "unstructured": "Blumental, S., and Debré, P. 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