The relationship between healthy eating index and Mediterranean diet adherence score with inflammatory indices and disease severity: a case-control study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients
Reihaneh Mousavi, Somayeh Rostami, Saba Shourideh Yazdi, Akram Kooshki, Elaheh Foroumandi
BMC Nutrition, doi:10.1186/s40795-024-00983-2
Background Recent studies have focused on the connection between nutrition, inflammation, and infectious diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the Mediterranean diet adherence score (MDS) and the healthy eating index (HEI) with some clinical findings of patients with COVID-19. Methods This case-control study was conducted in 29 Bahman hospital of Tabriz, Iran, from June to December 2022. Totally, 300 individuals (150 patients with COVID-19 as cases and 150 subjects who had not affected by COVID-19 as controls) was selected using convenience random sampling method to participate in the study. The 138-items food frequency questionnaire-derived dietary data were applied to compute HEI and MDS. Serum levels of BUN, creatinine and inflammatory markers including the Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured.
Results Both the HEI and MDS of case group was significantly lower than control group (p < 0.001). The MDS was negatively associated with hospitalization duration (R=-0.209, P < 0.001) and serum ESR level (R=-0.420, P < 0.001). A negative relationship was also seen between ESR level and HEI (R=-0.13, P = 0.017).
Conclusion It is concluded that higher MDS and HEI contribute to lower inflammatory markers and then diminished risk of covid-19 infection.
Author contributions RM: Data collection, manuscript writing. SR: Data collection, manuscript writing. SSY: Data analysis. AK: Project development, manuscript writing. EF: Data analysis, manuscript editing.
Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, according to the Declaration of Helsinki (approval number (IR.MEDSAB.REC.1401.001). All participants provided signed informed consent.
Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.
Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
Aliye, Ekin C¸ Evik, Hatice, Olak, Altıntas et al., Changes in nutrition and lifestyle habits during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey and the effects of healthy eating attitudes, Med J Nutr Metab
Barrea, Vetrani, Caprio, Cataldi, Ghoch et al., From the ketogenic diet to the Mediterranean diet: the potential dietary therapy in patients with obesity after CoVID-19 infection (Post CoVID syndrome), Curr Obes Rep
Calder, Nutrition, immunity and COVID-19, BMJNPH
Chen, Zhou, Dong, Qu, Gong et al., Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study, Lancet
Eiser, Could dietary factors reduce COVID-19 mortality rates? Moderating the inflammatory state, J Altern Complement Med
Graff, Vedantam, Parianos, Khakoo, Beiling et al., Dietary intake and systemic inflammation: can we use food as medicine?, Curr Nutr Rep
Greene, Roberts, Frugé, Negative association between Mediterranean diet adherence and COVID-19 cases and related deaths in Spain and 23 OECD countries: an ecological study, Front Nutr
Group, Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19, NEJM
Guenther, Casavale, Reedy, Kirkpatrick, Hiza et al., Update of the healthy eating index: HEI-2010, J Acad Nutr Diet
Hart, Torres, Mcnaughton, Milte, Dietary patterns and associations with biomarkers of inflammation in adults: a systematic review of observational studies, Nutr J
Hegazy, Fouad, Elshafy, Abdelfatah, Lithy et al., Beneficial role of healthy eating index-2015 score & physical activity on COVID-19 outcome, BMC Nut
Hegazy, Fouad, Elshafy, Abdelfatah, Lithy et al., Beneficial role of healthy eating index-2015 score & physical activity on COVID-19 outcomes, BMC Nutr
Kaluza, Harris, Linden, Wolk, Long-term consumption of fruits and vegetables and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective cohort study of women, Int J Epidemiol
Karimi, Shobeiri, Kulasinghe, Rezaei, Novel systemic inflammation markers to predict COVID-19 prognosis, Front Immunol
Louca, Murray, Klaser, Modest effects of dietary supplements during theCOVID-19 pandemic: insights from 445 850 users of the COVID-19 symptom study APP, BMJ Nutr Prev Health
Marx, Veronese, Kelly, Smith, Hockey et al., The dietary inflammatory index and human health: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies, Adv Nutr
Merino, Joshi, Long, Emily, Leeming et al., Diet quality and risk and severity of COVID-19:a prospective cohort study, Gut
Minh, Nguyen, Thu, Pham, Vu et al., Single and combinative impacts of healthy eating behavior and physical activity on COVID-19-like symptoms among outpatients: a multihospital and Health Center Survey, J Nutr
Mohajeri, Mohajery, Cicero, Adherence to the Mediterranean diet association with serum inflammatory factors stress oxidative and appetite in COVID-19 patients, Medicina
Moludi, Qaisar, Alizadeh, Vayghan, Naemi et al., The relationship between dietary inflammatory index and disease severity and inflammatory status: a case-control study of COVID-19 patients, BJN
Moradi, Pasdar, Hamzeh, Najafi, Nachvak et al., Comparison of 3 Nutritional Questionnaires to Determine Energy Intake Accuracy in Iranian adults, Clin Nutr Res
Panagiotakos, Pitsavos, Stefanadis, Dietary patterns: a Mediterranean diet score and its relation to clinical and biological markers of cardiovascular disease risk, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis
Ponzo, Pellegrini, Eusebio, Bioletto, Goitre et al., Mediterranean diet and SARS-COV-2 infection: is there any association? A proof-of-concept study, J Nutr
Rahman, Montero, Rowe, Kirton, Kunik, Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19: a review of current evidence, Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol
Reedy, Lerman, Krebs-Smith, Kirkpatrick, Pannucci et al., Evaluation of the healthy eating index-2015, JAND
Schönenberger, Schüpfer, Gloy, Hasler, Stanga et al., Effect of anti-inflammatory diets on pain in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Nutr
Sharma, Farouk, Lal, COVID-19: a review on the novel coronavirus disease evolution, transmission, detection, control and prevention, J Viruses
Shim, Oh, Kim, Dietary assessment methods in epidemiologic studies, Epidemiol Health
Shiri-Shahsavar, Mirshafiee, Parastouei, Ebrahimi-Kalan, Yekaninejad et al., A Novel combination of Docosahexaenoic Acid, All-Trans Retinoic Acid, and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 reduces T-Bet gene expression, Serum Interferon Gamma, and clinical scores but promotes PPARγ gene expression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J Mol Neurosci
Soltanieh, Salavatizadeh, Ghazanfari, Jahromi, Yari, Plant-based diet and COVID-19 severity: results from a crosssectional study, BMJNPH
Srikanth, Chen, Plant protease inhibitors in therapeutics-focus on cancer therapy, Front Pharmacol
Torpy, Lynm, Glass, JAMA patient page. Eating fish: Health benefits and risks, JAMA
Valle, Kim-Schulze, Huang, Beckmann, Nirenberg et al., An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival, Nat Med
Wiersinga, Rhodes, Cheng, Peacock, Prescott, Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review, JAMA
Wu, Chen, Tsai, The Mediterranean dietary pattern and inflammation in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Adv Nutr
Zeng, Huang, Guo, Yin, Chen et al., Association of inflammatory markers with the severity of COVID-19: a meta-analysis, IJID
Zhu, Du, Xu, Anti-inflammatory effects of phytochemicals from fruits, vegetables, and food legumes: a review, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr
{ 'indexed': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 12, 30]],
'date-time': '2024-12-30T13:40:31Z',
'timestamp': 1735566031133,
'version': '3.32.0'},
'reference-count': 37,
'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC',
'issue': '1',
'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 12, 30]],
'date-time': '2024-12-30T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1735516800000},
'content-version': 'tdm',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0'},
{ 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 12, 30]],
'date-time': '2024-12-30T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1735516800000},
'content-version': 'vor',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0'}],
'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False},
'DOI': '10.1186/s40795-024-00983-2',
'type': 'journal-article',
'created': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 12, 30]],
'date-time': '2024-12-30T12:34:26Z',
'timestamp': 1735562066000},
'update-policy': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy',
'source': 'Crossref',
'is-referenced-by-count': 0,
'title': 'The relationship between healthy eating index and Mediterranean diet adherence score with '
'inflammatory indices and disease severity: a case-control study of hospitalized COVID-19 '
'patients',
'prefix': '10.1186',
'volume': '10',
'author': [ {'given': 'Reihaneh', 'family': 'Mousavi', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Somayeh', 'family': 'Rostami', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Saba Shourideh', 'family': 'Yazdi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Akram', 'family': 'Kooshki', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Elaheh', 'family': 'Foroumandi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}],
'member': '297',
'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 12, 30]]},
'reference': [ { 'key': '983_CR1',
'first-page': '467',
'volume': '96',
'author': 'F Zeng',
'year': '2020',
'unstructured': 'Zeng F, Huang Y, Guo Y, Yin M, Chen X, Xiao L, et al. Association of '
'inflammatory markers with the severity of COVID-19: a meta-analysis. '
'IJID. 2020;96:467–74.',
'journal-title': 'IJID'},
{ 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Sharma A, Ahmad Farouk I, Lal SK. COVID-19: a review on the novel '
'coronavirus disease evolution, transmission, detection, control and '
'prevention. J Viruses. 2021;13(2).',
'key': '983_CR2',
'DOI': '10.3390/v13020202'},
{ 'issue': '10223',
'key': '983_CR3',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '507',
'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7',
'volume': '395',
'author': 'N Chen',
'year': '2020',
'unstructured': 'Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and '
'clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia '
'in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507–13.',
'journal-title': 'Lancet'},
{ 'issue': '8',
'key': '983_CR4',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '782',
'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.12839',
'volume': '324',
'author': 'WJ Wiersinga',
'year': '2020',
'unstructured': 'Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, Peacock SJ, Prescott HC. '
'Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of Coronavirus '
'Disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA. 2020;324(8):782–93.',
'journal-title': 'JAMA'},
{ 'issue': '5',
'key': '983_CR5',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '601',
'DOI': '10.1080/17512433.2021.1902303',
'volume': '14',
'author': 'S Rahman',
'year': '2021',
'unstructured': 'Rahman S, Montero MTV, Rowe K, Kirton R, Kunik F. Jr. Epidemiology, '
'pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of '
'COVID-19: a review of current evidence. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. '
'2021;14(5):601–21.',
'journal-title': 'Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol'},
{ 'issue': '10',
'key': '983_CR6',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1636',
'DOI': '10.1038/s41591-020-1051-9',
'volume': '26',
'author': 'DM Del Valle',
'year': '2020',
'unstructured': 'Del Valle DM, Kim-Schulze S, Huang H-H, Beckmann ND, Nirenberg S, Wang '
'B, et al. An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity '
'and survival. Nat Med. 2020;26(10):1636–43.',
'journal-title': 'Nat Med'},
{ 'issue': '8',
'key': '983_CR7',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '693',
'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2021436',
'volume': '384',
'author': 'RC Group',
'year': '2021',
'unstructured': 'Group RC. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. NEJM. '
'2021;384(8):693–704.',
'journal-title': 'NEJM'},
{ 'key': '983_CR8',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '741061',
'DOI': '10.3389/fimmu.2021.741061',
'volume': '12',
'author': 'A Karimi',
'year': '2021',
'unstructured': 'Karimi A, Shobeiri P, Kulasinghe A, Rezaei N. Novel systemic '
'inflammation markers to predict COVID-19 prognosis. Front Immunol. '
'2021;12:741061.',
'journal-title': 'Front Immunol'},
{ 'issue': '5',
'key': '983_CR9',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '773',
'DOI': '10.1017/S0007114521003214',
'volume': '127',
'author': 'J Moludi',
'year': '2022',
'unstructured': 'Moludi J, Qaisar SA, Alizadeh M, Jafari Vayghan H, Naemi M, Rahimi A, et '
'al. The relationship between dietary inflammatory index and disease '
'severity and inflammatory status: a case-control study of COVID-19 '
'patients. BJN. 2022;127(5):773–81.',
'journal-title': 'BJN'},
{ 'issue': '2',
'key': '983_CR10',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '363',
'DOI': '10.1093/advances/nmaa116',
'volume': '12',
'author': 'PY Wu',
'year': '2021',
'unstructured': 'Wu PY, Chen KM, Tsai WC. The Mediterranean dietary pattern and '
'inflammation in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv '
'Nutr. 2021;12(2):363–73.',
'journal-title': 'Adv Nutr'},
{ 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Ponzo V, Pellegrini M, D’Eusebio C, Bioletto F, Goitre I, Buscemi S et '
'al. Mediterranean diet and SARS-COV-2 infection: is there any '
'association? A proof-of-concept study. J Nutr. 2021;13(5).',
'key': '983_CR11',
'DOI': '10.3390/nu13051721'},
{ 'issue': '2',
'key': '983_CR12',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '227',
'DOI': '10.3390/medicina59020227',
'volume': '59',
'author': 'M Mohajeri',
'year': '2023',
'unstructured': 'Mohajeri M, Mohajery R, Cicero AF. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet '
'association with serum inflammatory factors stress oxidative and '
'appetite in COVID-19 patients. Medicina. 2023;59(2):227.',
'journal-title': 'Medicina'},
{ 'key': '983_CR13',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '591964',
'DOI': '10.3389/fnut.2021.591964',
'volume': '8',
'author': 'MW Greene',
'year': '2021',
'unstructured': 'Greene MW, Roberts AP, Frugé AD. Negative association between '
'Mediterranean diet adherence and COVID-19 cases and related deaths in '
'Spain and 23 OECD countries: an ecological study. Front Nutr. '
'2021;8:591964.',
'journal-title': 'Front Nutr'},
{ 'issue': '3',
'key': '983_CR14',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '144',
'DOI': '10.1007/s13679-022-00475-z',
'volume': '11',
'author': 'L Barrea',
'year': '2022',
'unstructured': 'Barrea L, Vetrani C, Caprio M, Cataldi M, Ghoch ME, Elce A, et al. From '
'the ketogenic diet to the Mediterranean diet: the potential dietary '
'therapy in patients with obesity after CoVID-19 infection (Post CoVID '
'syndrome). Curr Obes Rep. 2022;11(3):144–65.',
'journal-title': 'Curr Obes Rep'},
{ 'issue': '1',
'key': '983_CR15',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '113',
'DOI': '10.1186/s40795-023-00727-8',
'volume': '9',
'author': 'MA Hegazy',
'year': '2023',
'unstructured': 'Hegazy MA, Fouad MM, Abd Elshafy SA, Abdelfatah D, Lithy RM, Abdelghani '
'A, et al. Beneficial role of healthy eating index-2015 score & physical '
'activity on COVID-19 outcomes. BMC Nutr. 2023;9(1):113.',
'journal-title': 'BMC Nutr'},
{ 'issue': '9',
'key': '983_CR16',
'first-page': '1622',
'volume': '118',
'author': 'J Reedy',
'year': '2018',
'unstructured': 'Reedy J, Lerman JL, Krebs-Smith SM, Kirkpatrick SI, Pannucci TE, Wilson '
'MM, et al. Evaluation of the healthy eating index-2015. JAND. '
'2018;118(9):1622–33.',
'journal-title': 'JAND'},
{ 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Shim J-S, Oh K, Kim HC. Dietary assessment methods in epidemiologic '
'studies. Epidemiol Health. 2014;36.',
'key': '983_CR17',
'DOI': '10.4178/epih/e2014009'},
{ 'key': '983_CR18',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '2096',
'DOI': '10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325353',
'volume': '70',
'author': 'AD Jordi Merino',
'year': '2021',
'unstructured': 'Jordi Merino AD, Joshi, Long H, Nguyen Emily R, Leeming M, Mazidi DA, '
'Drew. Diet quality and risk and severity of COVID-19:a prospective '
'cohort study. Gut. 2021;70:2096–104.',
'journal-title': 'Gut'},
{ 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Hegazy MA, Fouad MM, Elshafy SAA, Abdelfatah D, Lithy RM, Abdelghani A, '
'Ashoush OA. Beneficial role of healthy eating index-2015 score & '
'physical activity on COVID-19 outcome. BMC Nut. 2023;9:113.',
'key': '983_CR19',
'DOI': '10.1186/s40795-023-00727-8'},
{ 'key': '983_CR20',
'first-page': '3258',
'volume': '13',
'author': 'H Minh',
'year': '2021',
'unstructured': 'Minh H, Nguyen, Thu TM, Pham DN, Vu, Binh N, Do HC, Nguyen, Thai H, '
'Duong. Single and combinative impacts of healthy eating behavior and '
'physical activity on COVID-19-like symptoms among outpatients: a '
'multi-hospital and Health Center Survey. J Nutr. 2021;13:3258.',
'journal-title': 'J Nutr'},
{ 'key': '983_CR21',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1260',
'DOI': '10.1080/10408398.2016.1251390',
'volume': '58',
'author': 'F Zhu',
'year': '2018',
'unstructured': 'Zhu F, Du B, Xu B. Anti-inflammatory effects of phytochemicals from '
'fruits, vegetables, and food legumes: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. '
'2018;58:1260–70.',
'journal-title': 'Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr'},
{ 'key': '983_CR22',
'first-page': '1897',
'volume': '47',
'author': 'J Kaluza',
'year': '2018',
'unstructured': 'Kaluza J, Harris HR, Linden A, Wolk A. Long-term consumption of fruits '
'and vegetables and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a '
'prospective cohort study of women. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47:1897–909.',
'journal-title': 'Int J Epidemiol'},
{ 'key': '983_CR23',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1926',
'DOI': '10.1001/jama.296.15.1926',
'volume': '296',
'author': 'JM Torpy',
'year': '2006',
'unstructured': 'Torpy JM, Lynm C, Glass RM. JAMA patient page. Eating fish: Health '
'benefits and risks. JAMA. 2006;296:1926.',
'journal-title': 'JAMA'},
{ 'key': '983_CR24',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '149',
'DOI': '10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000250',
'volume': '4',
'author': 'P Louca',
'year': '2021',
'unstructured': 'Louca P, Murray B, Klaser K, et al. Modest effects of dietary '
'supplements during theCOVID-19 pandemic: insights from 445 850 users of '
'the COVID-19 symptom study APP. BMJ Nutr Prev Health. 2021;4:149–57.',
'journal-title': 'BMJ Nutr Prev Health'},
{ 'key': '983_CR25',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '176',
'DOI': '10.1089/acm.2020.0441',
'volume': '27',
'author': 'AR Eiser',
'year': '2021',
'unstructured': 'Eiser AR. Could dietary factors reduce COVID-19 mortality rates? '
'Moderating the inflammatory state. J Altern Complement Med. '
'2021;27:176–8.',
'journal-title': 'J Altern Complement Med'},
{ 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Calder PC. Nutrition, immunity and COVID-19. BMJNPH. 2020;3:74–92.',
'key': '983_CR26',
'DOI': '10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000085'},
{ 'key': '983_CR27',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '470',
'DOI': '10.3389/fphar.2016.00470',
'volume': '7',
'author': 'S Srikanth',
'year': '2016',
'unstructured': 'Srikanth S, Chen Z. Plant protease inhibitors in therapeutics-focus on '
'cancer therapy. Front Pharmacol. 2016;7:470.',
'journal-title': 'Front Pharmacol'},
{ 'issue': '4',
'key': '983_CR28',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '498',
'DOI': '10.1007/s12031-016-0834-4',
'volume': '60',
'author': 'MR Shiri-Shahsavar',
'year': '2016',
'unstructured': 'Shiri-Shahsavar MR, Mirshafiee A, Parastouei K, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, '
'Yekaninejad S, Soleymani F, et al. A Novel combination of '
'Docosahexaenoic Acid, All-Trans Retinoic Acid, and 1, 25- '
'dihydroxyvitamin D 3 reduces T-Bet gene expression, Serum Interferon '
'Gamma, and clinical scores but promotes PPARγ gene expression in '
'experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Mol Neurosci. '
'2016;60(4):498–508.',
'journal-title': 'J Mol Neurosci'},
{ 'key': '983_CR29',
'first-page': 'e000688',
'volume': '10',
'author': 'M Samira Soltanieh',
'year': '2023',
'unstructured': 'Samira Soltanieh M, Salavatizadeh T, Ghazanfari SR, Jahromi Z, Yari MA, '
'Mansournia. Plant-based diet and COVID-19 severity: results from a '
'cross-sectional study. BMJNPH. 2023;10:e000688.',
'journal-title': 'BMJNPH'},
{ 'key': '983_CR30',
'first-page': '325',
'volume': '14',
'author': 'O Aliye',
'year': '2021',
'unstructured': 'Aliye O, zenog˘lu. Ekin C¸ evik, Hatice C¸ olak, Tug˘ba Altıntas, Kamil '
'Alakus. Changes in nutrition and lifestyle habits during the COVID-19 '
'pandemic in Turkey and the effects of healthy eating attitudes. Med J '
'Nutr Metab. 2021;14:325–41.',
'journal-title': 'Med J Nutr Metab'},
{ 'issue': '3',
'key': '983_CR31',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '213',
'DOI': '10.7762/cnr.2018.7.3.213',
'volume': '7',
'author': 'S Moradi',
'year': '2018',
'unstructured': 'Moradi S, Pasdar Y, Hamzeh B, Najafi F, Nachvak SM, Mostafai R, Niazi P, '
'Rezaei M. Comparison of 3 Nutritional Questionnaires to Determine Energy '
'Intake Accuracy in Iranian adults. Clin Nutr Res. 2018;7(3):213–22.',
'journal-title': 'Clin Nutr Res'},
{ 'key': '983_CR32',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '569',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jand.2012.12.016',
'volume': '113',
'author': 'PM Guenther',
'year': '2013',
'unstructured': 'Guenther PM, Casavale KO, Reedy J, Kirkpatrick SI, Hiza HA, Kuczynski '
'KJ, et al. Update of the healthy eating index: HEI-2010. J Acad Nutr '
'Diet. 2013;113:569–80.',
'journal-title': 'J Acad Nutr Diet'},
{ 'issue': '8',
'key': '983_CR33',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '559',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.numecd.2005.08.006',
'volume': '16',
'author': 'DB Panagiotakos',
'year': '2006',
'unstructured': 'Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Stefanadis C. Dietary patterns: a '
'Mediterranean diet score and its relation to clinical and biological '
'markers of cardiovascular disease risk. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. '
'2006;16(8):559–68.',
'journal-title': 'Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis'},
{ 'issue': '12',
'key': '983_CR34',
'first-page': '4221',
'volume': '13',
'author': 'KA Schönenberger',
'year': '2021',
'unstructured': 'Schönenberger KA, Schüpfer AC, Gloy VL, Hasler P, Stanga Z, Kaegi-Braun '
'N, Reber E. Effect of anti-inflammatory diets on pain in rheumatoid '
'arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr. '
'2021;13(12):4221.',
'journal-title': 'J Nutr'},
{ 'issue': '2',
'key': '983_CR35',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '247',
'DOI': '10.1007/s13668-023-00458-z',
'volume': '12',
'author': 'E Graff',
'year': '2023',
'unstructured': 'Graff E, Vedantam S, Parianos M, Khakoo N, Beiling M, Pearlman M. '
'Dietary intake and systemic inflammation: can we use food as medicine? '
'Curr Nutr Rep. 2023;12(2):247–54.',
'journal-title': 'Curr Nutr Rep'},
{ 'issue': '5',
'key': '983_CR36',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1681',
'DOI': '10.1093/advances/nmab037',
'volume': '12',
'author': 'W Marx',
'year': '2021',
'unstructured': 'Marx W, Veronese N, Kelly JT, Smith L, Hockey M, Collins S, Trakman GL, '
'Hoare E, Teasdale SB, Wade A, Lane M. The dietary inflammatory index and '
'human health: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational '
'studies. Adv Nutr. 2021;12(5):1681–90.',
'journal-title': 'Adv Nutr'},
{ 'key': '983_CR37',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1',
'DOI': '10.1186/s12937-021-00674-9',
'volume': '20',
'author': 'MJ Hart',
'year': '2021',
'unstructured': 'Hart MJ, Torres SJ, McNaughton SA, Milte CM. Dietary patterns and '
'associations with biomarkers of inflammation in adults: a systematic '
'review of observational studies. Nutr J. 2021;20:1–4.',
'journal-title': 'Nutr J'}],
'container-title': 'BMC Nutrition',
'original-title': [],
'language': 'en',
'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40795-024-00983-2.pdf',
'content-type': 'application/pdf',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'text-mining'},
{ 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40795-024-00983-2/fulltext.html',
'content-type': 'text/html',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'text-mining'},
{ 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40795-024-00983-2.pdf',
'content-type': 'application/pdf',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}],
'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 12, 30]],
'date-time': '2024-12-30T13:07:02Z',
'timestamp': 1735564022000},
'score': 1,
'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40795-024-00983-2'}},
'subtitle': [],
'short-title': [],
'issued': {'date-parts': [[2024, 12, 30]]},
'references-count': 37,
'journal-issue': {'issue': '1', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 12]]}},
'alternative-id': ['983'],
'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40795-024-00983-2',
'relation': {},
'ISSN': ['2055-0928'],
'subject': [],
'container-title-short': 'BMC Nutr',
'published': {'date-parts': [[2024, 12, 30]]},
'assertion': [ { 'value': '14 June 2024',
'order': 1,
'name': 'received',
'label': 'Received',
'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}},
{ 'value': '17 December 2024',
'order': 2,
'name': 'accepted',
'label': 'Accepted',
'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}},
{ 'value': '30 December 2024',
'order': 3,
'name': 'first_online',
'label': 'First Online',
'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}},
{'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Declarations'}},
{ 'value': 'The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Sabzevar '
'University of Medical Sciences, according to the Declaration of Helsinki '
'(approval number (IR.MEDSAB.REC.1401.001). All participants provided signed '
'informed consent.',
'order': 2,
'name': 'Ethics',
'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Ethics approval and consent to participate'}},
{ 'value': 'The authors declare no competing interests.',
'order': 3,
'name': 'Ethics',
'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Competing interests'}}],
'article-number': '168'}