Excess mortality across countries in the Western World since the COVID-19 pandemic: ‘Our World in Data’ estimates of January 2020 to December 2022
Dr Saskia Mostert, Marcel Hoogland, Minke Huibers, Gertjan Kaspers
BMJ Public Health, doi:10.1136/bmjph-2023-000282
Introduction Excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic has been substantial. Insight into excess death rates in years following WHO's pandemic declaration is crucial for government leaders and policymakers to evaluate their health crisis policies. This study explores excess mortality in the Western World from 2020 until 2022. Methods All-cause mortality reports were abstracted for countries using the 'Our World in Data' database. Excess mortality is assessed as a deviation between the reported number of deaths in a country during a certain week or month in 2020 until 2022 and the expected number of deaths in a country for that period under normal conditions. For the baseline of expected deaths, Karlinsky and Kobak's estimate model was used. This model uses historical death data in a country from 2015 until 2019 and accounts for seasonal variation and year-to-year trends in mortality. Results The total number of excess deaths in 47 countries of the Western World was 3 098 456 from 1 January 2020 until 31 December 2022. Excess mortality was documented in 41 countries (87%) in 2020, 42 countries (89%) in 2021 and 43 countries (91%) in 2022. In 2020, the year of the COVID-19 pandemic onset and implementation of containment measures, records present 1 033 122 excess deaths (P-score 11.4%). In 2021, the year in which both containment measures and COVID-19 vaccines were used to address virus spread and infection, the highest number of excess deaths was reported: 1 256 942 excess deaths (P-score 13.8%). In 2022, when most containment measures were lifted and COVID-19 vaccines were continued, preliminary data present 808 392 excess deaths (P-score 8.8%). Conclusions Excess mortality has remained high in the Western World for three consecutive years, despite the implementation of containment measures and COVID-19 vaccines. This raises serious concerns. Government leaders and policymakers need to thoroughly investigate underlying causes of persistent excess mortality.
Contributors SM, MH and GK conceived and designed the study. SM and MH acquired and analysed the data. All authors interpreted the results. SM wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All other authors provided feedback and approved the final version of the manuscript. The corresponding author attests that all listed authors meet authorship criteria and that no others meeting the criteria have been omitted. SM is responsible for the overall content as guarantor. Funding The study was supported by the Foundation World Child Cancer NL. The sponsor had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; preparation, review or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Map disclaimer The inclusion of any map (including the depiction of any boundaries there), or of any geographic or locational reference, does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of BMJ concerning the legal status of any country, territory, jurisdiction or area or of its authorities. Any such expression remains solely that of the relevant source and is not endorsed by BMJ. Maps are provided without any warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. Competing interests None declared. Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
Patient consent for publication Not..
References
Aladdin, Algahtani, Shirah, Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia with disseminated Intravascular coagulation and death following the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine, J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,
doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105938Alicandro, Remuzzi, Centanni, Excess total mortality in 2021 in Italy was about one third of that observed in 2020, Med Lav,
doi:10.23749/mdl.v112i6.12601Alicandro, Vecchia, Islam, A comprehensive analysis of all-cause and cause-specific excess deaths in 30 countries during 2020, Eur J Epidemiol,
doi:10.1007/s10654-023-01044-xBarrett, Hodgkinson, Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiovascular heart disease medication use: time-series analysis of England's prescription data during the COVID-19 pandemic, Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis,
doi:10.1177/17539447221137170Beaney, Clarke, Jain, Excess mortality: the gold standard in measuring the impact of COVID-19 worldwide?, J R Soc Med,
doi:10.1177/0141076820956802Bernal, Andrews, Gower, Effectiveness of the pfizer-biontech and oxford-astrazeneca vaccines on COVID-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: test negative case-control study, BMJ,
doi:10.1136/bmj.n1088Bjørnstad-Tuveng, Rudjord, Anker, Fatal cerebral haemorrhage after COVID-19 vaccine, Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen,
doi:10.4045/tidsskr.21.0312Causey, Fullman, Sorensen, Estimating global and regional disruptions to routine childhood vaccine coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020: a modelling study, Lancet,
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01337-4Checchi, Roberts, Interpreting and using mortality data in humanitarian emergencies, Humanitarian Practice Network
Chen, Wu, Zhang, Clinically suspected lethal viral myocarditis combined with encephalitis: a COVID-19 vaccine complication, ESC Heart Fail,
doi:10.1002/ehf2.14229Chen, Xu, Wang, New-onset autoimmune phenomena post-COVID-19 vaccination, Immunology,
doi:10.1111/imm.13443Choi, Kim, Kim, Intracerebral hemorrhage due to thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome after vaccination against COVID-19: the first fatal case in Korea, J Korean Med Sci,
doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e223Doshi, Godlee, Abbasi, Covid-19 vaccines and treatments: we must have raw data, now, BMJ,
doi:10.1136/bmj.o102El Salih, Njuguna, Widjajanto, Impact of COVID-19 measures on the health and healthcare of children in East-Africa: scoping review, Int J Health Plann Manage,
doi:10.1002/hpm.3612Ezenwa, Fajolu, Nabwera, Impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on institutional delivery, neonatal admissions and prematurity: a reflection from Lagos, Nigeria, BMJ Paediatr Open,
doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001029Ferrara, Dallagiacoma, Alberti, Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer: a systematic review of the impact of COVID-19 on patient care, Prev Med,
doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107264Fraiman, Erviti, Jones, Serious adverse events of special interest following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in randomized trials in adults, Vaccine,
doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.036Gao, Feng, Li, A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between SARS-Cov-2 vaccination and myocarditis or pericarditis, Am J Prev Med,
doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2022.09.002Giattino, Ritchie, Ortiz-Ospina, Our world in data. Excess mortality during the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19)
Groot, Schuurman, Huijgens, Fewer cancer diagnoses during the COVID-19 epidemic according to diagnosis, age and region, TSG,
doi:10.1007/s12508-020-00289-1Guerriaud, Kohli, RNA-based drugs and regulation: toward a necessary evolution of the definitions issued from the European Union legislation, Front Med,
doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.1012497Ioannidis, Infection fatality rate of COVID-19 inferred from seroprevalence data, Bull World Health Organ,
doi:10.2471/BLT.20.265892Ioannidis, Reconciling estimates of global spread and infection fatality rates of COVID-19: an overview of systematic evaluations,
doi:10.1111/eci.13554Islam, Shkolnikov, Acosta, Excess deaths associated with COVID-19 pandemic in 2020: age and sex disaggregated time series analysis in 29 high income countries, BMJ Public Health,
doi:10.1136/bmj.n1137Jefferson, Dooley, Ferroni, Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses, Cochrane Database Syst Rev,
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub6Karlinsky, Kobak, Tracking excess mortality across countries during the COVID-19 pandemic with the world mortality dataset, Elife,
doi:10.7554/eLife.69336Khunti, Aroda, Aschner, The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on diabetes services: planning for a global recovery, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol,
doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00278-9Konstantinoudis, Cameletti, Gómez-Rubio, Regional excess mortality during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in five European countries, Nat Commun,
doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28157-3Krug, Stevenson, Høeg, BNT162b2 vaccine-associated MYO/pericarditis in adolescents: a stratified risk-benefit analysis, Eur J Clin Invest,
doi:10.1111/eci.13759Lison, Banholzer, Sharma, Effectiveness assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions: lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic, Lancet Public Health,
doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00046-4Magen, Mukherjee, Bhattacharya, Clinical and molecular characterization of a rare case of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine-associated myositis, Vaccines,
doi:10.3390/vaccines10071135Montano, Frequency and associations of adverse reactions of COVID-19 vaccines reported to pharmacovigilance systems in the European Union and the United States, Front Public Health,
doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.756633Mortiboy, Zitta, Carrico, Combating COVID-19 vaccine inequity during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, J Racial Ethn Health Disparities,
doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01546-0Mörz, A case report: multifocal necrotizing encephalitis and myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination against COVID-19, Vaccines,
doi:10.3390/vaccines10101651Nogueira, Etter, Nguyen, Changes in the care of acute cerebrovascular and cardiovascular conditions during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in 746 hospitals in the USA: retrospective analysis, BMJ Med,
doi:10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000207Oster, Shay, Su, Myocarditis cases reported after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination in the US from December 2020 to August 2021, JAMA,
doi:10.1001/jama.2021.24110Paglino, Lundberg, Zhou, Monthly excess mortality across counties in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic, Sci Adv,
doi:10.1126/sciadv.adf9742Peixoto, Vieira, Aguiar, Excess mortality since COVID-19: what data do we need and what questions should we ask to understand its causes in Portugal?, Acta Med Port,
doi:10.20344/amp.19080Pillay, Gaudet, Wingert, Incidence, risk factors, natural history, and hypothesized mechanisms of myocarditis and pericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination: living evidence syntheses and review, BMJ,
doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-069445Pritchard-Jones, De, Abib, Esiashvili, The threat of the COVID-19 pandemic on reversing global life-saving gains in the survival of childhood cancer: a call for collaborative action from SIOP, Ecancermedicalscience,
doi:10.3332/ecancer.2021.1187Rodríguez, Rojas, Beltrán, Autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions after COVID-19 vaccination. New case reports and updated literature review, J Autoimmun,
doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102898Rossen, Branum, Ahmad, Notes from the field: update on excess deaths associated with the COVID-19 pandemic -United States, January 26, 2020-February 27, 2021,
doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7015a4Rossen, Nørgaard, Sutton, Excess all-cause mortality in the USA and Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 and 2021, Sci Rep,
doi:10.1038/s41598-022-21844-7Ruhm, The evolution of excess deaths in the United States during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, Am J Epidemiol,
doi:10.1093/aje/kwad127Röltgen, Nielsen, Silva, Immune imprinting, breadth of variant recognition, and germinal center response in human SARS-Cov-2 infection and vaccination, Cell,
doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.018Sadoff, Gray, Vandebosch, Safety and efficacy of single-dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against COVID-19, N Engl J Med,
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2101544Schmeling, Manniche, Hansen, Batch-dependent safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, Eur J Clin Invest,
doi:10.1111/eci.13998Schneider, Sottmann, Greinacher, Postmortem investigation of fatalities following vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines, Int J Legal Med,
doi:10.1007/s00414-021-02706-9Schwab, Domke, Hartmann, Autopsy-based histopathological characterization of myocarditis after anti-SARS-Cov-2-vaccination, Clin Res Cardiol,
doi:10.1007/s00392-022-02129-5Schwarz, Mahfoud, Lauder, Decline of emergency admissions for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events after the outbreak of COVID-19, Clin Res Cardiol,
doi:10.1007/s00392-020-01688-9See, Su, Lale, US case reports of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination, JAMA,
doi:10.1001/jama.2021.7517Sessa, Salerno, Esposito, Autopsy findings and causality relationship between death and COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review, J Clin Med,
doi:10.3390/jcm10245876Sharifian-Dorche, Bahmanyar, Sharifian-Dorche, Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis post COVID-19 vaccination; a systematic review, J Neurol Sci,
doi:10.1016/j.jns.2021.117607Shazley, Alshazley, A COVID-positive 52-year-old man presented with venous thromboembolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation following johnson & johnson vaccination: a case-study, Cureus,
doi:10.7759/cureus.16383Talic, Shah, Wild, Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of COVID-19, SARS-Cov-2 transmission, and COVID-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ,
doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-068302Torjesen, Covid-19: pfizer-biontech vaccine is "likely" responsible for deaths of some elderly patients, Norwegian review finds, BMJ,
doi:10.1136/bmj.n1372Tregoning, Flight, Higham, Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape, Nat Rev Immunol,
doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00592-1Tzankov, Jonigk, Unlocking the lockdown of science and demystifying COVID-19: how autopsies contribute to our understanding of a deadly pandemic, Virchows Arch,
doi:10.1007/s00428-020-02887-5Upamali, Rathnayake, Perspectives of older people with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus towards medication adherence: a qualitative study, PLoS One,
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289834Uversky, Redwan, Makis, IgG4 antibodies induced by repeated vaccination may generate immune tolerance to the SARS-Cov-2 spike protein, Vaccines,
doi:10.3390/vaccines11050991Vaers, Vaccine adverse event reporting system
Walker, Meggetto, Gao, Measuring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on organized cancer screening and diagnostic follow-up care in Ontario, Canada: a provincial, population-based study, Prev Med,
doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106586Wang, Paulson, Pease, COVID-19 excess mortality collaborators. estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020-21, Lancet,
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3Who, The true death toll of COVID-19: estimating global excess mortality
Who, Vigiaccess, COVID-19 vaccine
Wiedmann, Skattør, Stray-Pedersen, Vaccine induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia causing a severe form of cerebral venous thrombosis with high fatality rate: a case series, Front Neurol,
doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.721146Wong, Hu, Zhou, Risk of myocarditis and pericarditis after the COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in the USA: a cohort study in claims databases, Lancet,
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00791-7Zhang, Dong, Liu, Risk and protective factors for COVID-19 morbidity, severity, and mortality, Clin Rev Allergy Immunol,
doi:10.1007/s12016-022-08921-5DOI record:
{
"DOI": "10.1136/bmjph-2023-000282",
"ISSN": [
"2753-4294"
],
"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000282",
"abstract": "<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction</jats:title><jats:p>Excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic has been substantial. Insight into excess death rates in years following WHO’s pandemic declaration is crucial for government leaders and policymakers to evaluate their health crisis policies. This study explores excess mortality in the Western World from 2020 until 2022.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>All-cause mortality reports were abstracted for countries using the ‘Our World in Data’ database. Excess mortality is assessed as a deviation between the reported number of deaths in a country during a certain week or month in 2020 until 2022 and the expected number of deaths in a country for that period under normal conditions. For the baseline of expected deaths, Karlinsky and Kobak’s estimate model was used. This model uses historical death data in a country from 2015 until 2019 and accounts for seasonal variation and year-to-year trends in mortality.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>The total number of excess deaths in 47 countries of the Western World was 3 098 456 from 1 January 2020 until 31 December 2022. Excess mortality was documented in 41 countries (87%) in 2020, 42 countries (89%) in 2021 and 43 countries (91%) in 2022. In 2020, the year of the COVID-19 pandemic onset and implementation of containment measures, records present 1 033 122 excess deaths (P-score 11.4%). In 2021, the year in which both containment measures and COVID-19 vaccines were used to address virus spread and infection, the highest number of excess deaths was reported: 1 256 942 excess deaths (P-score 13.8%). In 2022, when most containment measures were lifted and COVID-19 vaccines were continued, preliminary data present 808 392 excess deaths (P-score 8.8%).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Excess mortality has remained high in the Western World for three consecutive years, despite the implementation of containment measures and COVID-19 vaccines. This raises serious concerns. Government leaders and policymakers need to thoroughly investigate underlying causes of persistent excess mortality.</jats:p></jats:sec>",
"accepted": {
"date-parts": [
[
2024,
3,
20
]
]
},
"alternative-id": [
"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000282"
],
"author": [
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4583-8603",
"affiliation": [],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Mostert",
"given": "Saskia",
"sequence": "first"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Hoogland",
"given": "Marcel",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Huibers",
"given": "Minke",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Kaspers",
"given": "Gertjan",
"sequence": "additional"
}
],
"container-title": "BMJ Public Health",
"container-title-short": "bmjph",
"content-domain": {
"crossmark-restriction": true,
"domain": [
"bmj.com"
]
},
"created": {
"date-parts": [
[
2024,
6,
3
]
],
"date-time": "2024-06-03T23:35:22Z",
"timestamp": 1717457722000
},
"deposited": {
"date-parts": [
[
2024,
8,
1
]
],
"date-time": "2024-08-01T12:13:52Z",
"timestamp": 1722514432000
},
"funder": [
{
"name": "Foundation World Child Cancer NL"
}
],
"indexed": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
8,
3
]
],
"date-time": "2025-08-03T23:05:14Z",
"timestamp": 1754262314078,
"version": "3.37.3"
},
"is-referenced-by-count": 27,
"issue": "1",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2024,
5
]
]
},
"journal-issue": {
"issue": "1",
"published-online": {
"date-parts": [
[
2024,
6,
3
]
]
},
"published-print": {
"date-parts": [
[
2024,
5
]
]
}
},
"language": "en",
"license": [
{
"URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"content-version": "unspecified",
"delay-in-days": 5,
"start": {
"date-parts": [
[
2024,
5,
6
]
],
"date-time": "2024-05-06T00:00:00Z",
"timestamp": 1714953600000
}
}
],
"link": [
{
"URL": "https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000282",
"content-type": "unspecified",
"content-version": "vor",
"intended-application": "similarity-checking"
}
],
"member": "239",
"original-title": [],
"page": "e000282",
"prefix": "10.1136",
"published": {
"date-parts": [
[
2024,
5
]
]
},
"published-online": {
"date-parts": [
[
2024,
6,
3
]
]
},
"published-print": {
"date-parts": [
[
2024,
5
]
]
},
"publisher": "BMJ",
"reference": [
{
"DOI": "10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02796-3",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41598-022-21844-7",
"article-title": "Excess all-cause mortality in the USA and Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 and 2021",
"author": "Rossen",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "Sci Rep",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.2",
"volume": "12",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1177/0141076820956802",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.3"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.4",
"unstructured": "WHO . The true death toll of COVID-19: estimating global excess mortality. 2021. Available: https://www.who.int/data/stories/the-true-death-toll-of-covid-19-estimating-global-excess-mortality"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.5",
"unstructured": "Giattino C , Ritchie H , Ortiz-Ospina E , et al . Our world in data. Excess mortality during the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). n.d. Available: https://ourworldindata.org/excess-mortality-covid#"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.6",
"unstructured": "Checchi F , Roberts L . Interpreting and using mortality data in humanitarian emergencies. Humanitarian Practice Network; 2005. 52. Available: https://odihpn.org/publication/interpreting-and-using-mortality-data-in-humanitarian-emergencies/"
},
{
"DOI": "10.7554/eLife.69336",
"article-title": "Tracking excess mortality across countries during the COVID-19 pandemic with the world mortality dataset",
"author": "Karlinsky",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "Elife",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.7",
"volume": "10",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.arr.2021.101494",
"article-title": "Triple jeopardy in ageing: COVID-19, co-morbidities and inflamm-ageing",
"author": "Rea",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "101494",
"journal-title": "Ageing Res Rev",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.8",
"volume": "73",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41467-022-28157-3",
"article-title": "Regional excess mortality during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in five European countries",
"author": "Konstantinoudis",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "Nat Commun",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.9",
"volume": "13",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s12016-022-08921-5",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.10"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1136/bmj-2021-068302",
"article-title": "Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of COVID-19, SARS-Cov-2 transmission, and COVID-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis",
"author": "Talic",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "BMJ",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.11",
"volume": "375",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1136/bmj.n1088",
"article-title": "Effectiveness of the pfizer-biontech and oxford-astrazeneca vaccines on COVID-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: test negative case-control study",
"author": "Lopez Bernal",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "BMJ",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.12",
"volume": "373",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41577-021-00592-1",
"article-title": "Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape",
"author": "Tregoning",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "626",
"journal-title": "Nat Rev Immunol",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.13",
"volume": "21",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/14651858.CD015477",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.14",
"unstructured": "Graña C , Ghosn L , Evrenoglou T , et al . Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022;2023. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD015477"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.15",
"unstructured": "WHO . Vigiaccess. COVID-19 vaccine. Reported potential side effects. n.d. Available: https:// www.vigiaccess.org"
},
{
"DOI": "10.20344/amp.19080",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.16"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.17",
"unstructured": "World Health Organization. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 . WHO director-general’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19, 11 March 2020. n.d. Available: https://who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.18",
"unstructured": "International Monetary Fund (IMF) . Policy responses to COVID-19. IMF; 2021. Available: https:// www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/hpm.3612",
"article-title": "Impact of COVID-19 measures on the health and healthcare of children in East-Africa: scoping review",
"author": "El Salih",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "579",
"journal-title": "Int J Health Plann Manage",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.19",
"volume": "38",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3332/ecancer.2021.1187",
"article-title": "The threat of the COVID-19 pandemic on reversing global life-saving gains in the survival of childhood cancer: a call for collaborative action from SIOP",
"author": "Pritchard-Jones",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "Ecancermedicalscience",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.20",
"volume": "15",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107264",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.21"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106586",
"article-title": "Measuring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on organized cancer screening and diagnostic follow-up care in Ontario, Canada: a provincial, population-based study",
"author": "Walker",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "106586",
"journal-title": "Prev Med",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.22",
"volume": "151",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1177/17539447221137170",
"article-title": "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiovascular heart disease medication use: time-series analysis of England’s prescription data during the COVID-19 pandemic",
"author": "Barrett",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "17539447221137170",
"journal-title": "Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.23",
"volume": "16",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000207",
"article-title": "Changes in the care of acute cerebrovascular and cardiovascular conditions during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in 746 hospitals in the USA: retrospective analysis",
"author": "Nogueira",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "BMJ Med",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.24",
"volume": "2",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00278-9",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.25"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0289834",
"article-title": "Perspectives of older people with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus towards medication adherence: a qualitative study",
"author": "Upamali",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "PLoS One",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.26",
"volume": "18",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s10654-023-01044-x",
"article-title": "A comprehensive analysis of all-cause and cause-specific excess deaths in 30 countries during 2020",
"author": "Alicandro",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1153",
"journal-title": "Eur J Epidemiol",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.27",
"volume": "38",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.2471/BLT.20.265892",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.28"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1136/bmj.n421",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.29"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s40615-023-01546-0",
"article-title": "Combating COVID-19 vaccine inequity during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic",
"author": "Mortiboy",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "621",
"journal-title": "J Racial Ethn Health Disparities",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.30",
"volume": "11",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.31",
"unstructured": "Government of Canada . COVID-19 vaccination in Canada. n.d. Available: https://health-infobase.canada.ca/covid-19/vaccine-administration/"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2034577",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.32"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.dialog.2022.100074",
"article-title": "Relative risk reduction: misinformative measure in clinical trials and COVID-19 vaccine efficacy",
"author": "Brown",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "Dialogues Health",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.33",
"volume": "1",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.34",
"unstructured": "European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . Overview of the implementation of COVID-19 vaccination strategies and deployment plans in the EU/Eea14 June 2021. Stockholm ECDC; 2021."
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.35",
"unstructured": "Australian Government . Department of health and aged care. COVID-19 vaccine Rollout on track to begin 22 February. 2021. Available: https://www.health.gov.au/news/covid-19-vaccine-rollout-on-track-to-begin-22-february"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.36",
"unstructured": "Reuters . New zealand begins COVID-19 vaccinations programme, Australia starts Monday. 2021. Available: https://ww.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-newzealand-vaccine-idUSKBN2AK02X"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1111/eci.13554",
"article-title": "Reconciling estimates of global spread and infection fatality rates of COVID-19: an overview of systematic evaluations",
"author": "Ioannidis",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "Eur J Clin Invest",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.37",
"volume": "51",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.envres.2022.114655",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.38"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.036",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.39"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2035389",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.40"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2101544",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.41"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.42",
"unstructured": "VAERS . Vaccine adverse event reporting system. n.d. Available: https://www.vaers.hhs.gov"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.43",
"unstructured": "European Medicines Agency . Science medicines health. human regulatory. Eudravigilance. n.d. Available: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/research-development/pharmacovigilance/eudravigilance"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.44",
"unstructured": "Medicines & healthcare products regulatory agency. The yellow card scheme. n.d. Available: https://yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk/information"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1136/bmj.n1372",
"article-title": "Covid-19: pfizer-biontech vaccine is \"likely\" responsible for deaths of some elderly patients, Norwegian review finds",
"author": "Torjesen",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1372",
"journal-title": "BMJ",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.45",
"volume": "373",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1001/jama.2021.24110",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.46"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1001/jamacardio.2022.0583",
"article-title": "SARS-Cov-2 vaccination and myocarditis in a Nordic cohort study of 23 million residents",
"author": "Karlstad",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "600",
"journal-title": "JAMA Cardiol",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.47",
"volume": "7",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1111/eci.13998",
"article-title": "Batch-dependent safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine",
"author": "Schmeling",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "Eur J Clin Invest",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.48",
"volume": "53",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fpubh.2021.756633",
"article-title": "Frequency and associations of adverse reactions of COVID-19 vaccines reported to pharmacovigilance systems in the European Union and the United States",
"author": "Montano",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "Front Public Health",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.49",
"volume": "9",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1111/eci.13759",
"article-title": "BNT162b2 vaccine-associated MYO/pericarditis in adolescents: a stratified risk-benefit analysis",
"author": "Krug",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "Eur J Clin Invest",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.50",
"volume": "52",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.amepre.2022.09.002",
"article-title": "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between SARS-Cov-2 vaccination and myocarditis or pericarditis",
"author": "Gao",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "275",
"journal-title": "Am J Prev Med",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.51",
"volume": "64",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00791-7",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.52"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1136/bmj-2021-069445",
"article-title": "Incidence, risk factors, natural history, and hypothesized mechanisms of myocarditis and pericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination: living evidence syntheses and review",
"author": "Pillay",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "BMJ",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.53",
"volume": "378",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/vaccines11050991",
"article-title": "IgG4 antibodies induced by repeated vaccination may generate immune tolerance to the SARS-Cov-2 spike protein",
"author": "Uversky",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "Vaccines (Basel)",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.54",
"volume": "11",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1111/imm.13443",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.55"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102898",
"article-title": "Autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions after COVID-19 vaccination. New case reports and updated literature review",
"author": "Rodríguez",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "102898",
"journal-title": "J Autoimmun",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.56",
"volume": "132",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102792",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.57"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00392-022-02129-5",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.58"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/ehf2.14229",
"article-title": "Clinically suspected lethal viral myocarditis combined with encephalitis: a COVID-19 vaccine complication",
"author": "Chen",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1422",
"journal-title": "ESC Heart Fail",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.59",
"volume": "10",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/jcm10245876",
"article-title": "Autopsy findings and causality relationship between death and COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review",
"author": "Sessa",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "J Clin Med",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.60",
"volume": "10",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e223",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.61",
"unstructured": "Choi J-K , Kim S , Kim SR , et al . Intracerebral hemorrhage due to thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome after vaccination against COVID-19: the first fatal case in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2021;36. doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e223"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105938",
"article-title": "Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia with disseminated Intravascular coagulation and death following the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine",
"author": "Aladdin",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "105938",
"journal-title": "J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.62",
"volume": "30",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"article-title": "Fatal cerebral haemorrhage after COVID-19 vaccine",
"author": "Bjørnstad-Tuveng",
"first-page": "33928772",
"journal-title": "Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.63",
"volume": "141",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fneur.2021.721146",
"article-title": "Vaccine induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia causing a severe form of cerebral venous thrombosis with high fatality rate: a case series",
"author": "Wiedmann",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "721146",
"journal-title": "Front Neurol",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.64",
"volume": "12",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1001/jama.2021.7517",
"article-title": "US case reports of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination",
"author": "See",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "2448",
"journal-title": "JAMA",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.65",
"volume": "325",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"article-title": "A COVID-positive 52-year-old man presented with venous thromboembolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation following johnson & johnson vaccination: a case-study",
"author": "Shazley",
"journal-title": "Cureus",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.66",
"volume": "13",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.jns.2021.117607",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.67"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.68",
"unstructured": "Food and Drug Administration . Initial results of near real-time safety monitoring COVID-19 vaccines. 2021. Available: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/safety-availability-biologics/initial-results-near-real-time-safety-monitoring-covid-19-vaccines-persons-aged-65-years-and-old"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.69",
"unstructured": "World Population Review . The modern meaning of the Western world (the Latin West). n.d. Available: https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/western-countries"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.70",
"unstructured": "HMD . Reliability and accuracy matter. Human Mortality Database. n.d. Available: https://www.mortality.org"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.71",
"unstructured": "World mortality dataset: international data on all-cause mortality, Available: https://github.com/akarlinsky/world_mortality"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.72",
"unstructured": "WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. n.d. Available: https://covid19.who.int"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.73",
"unstructured": "United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Population division. World population prospects. n.d. Available: https://population.un.org/wpp/"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.74",
"unstructured": "MapChart . World map: simple. n.d. Available: https//:www.mapchart.net/world.html"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00046-4",
"article-title": "Effectiveness assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions: lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic",
"author": "Lison",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "e311",
"journal-title": "Lancet Public Health",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.75",
"volume": "8",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"article-title": "Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses",
"author": "Jefferson",
"journal-title": "Cochrane Database Syst Rev",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.76",
"volume": "1",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30453-7",
"article-title": "False-positive COVID-19 results: hidden problems and costs",
"author": "Surkova",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1167",
"journal-title": "Lancet Respir Med",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.77",
"volume": "8",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s12508-020-00289-1",
"article-title": "Fewer cancer diagnoses during the COVID-19 epidemic according to diagnosis, age and region",
"author": "Uyl-de Groot",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1",
"journal-title": "TSG",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.78",
"volume": "99",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00392-020-01688-9",
"article-title": "Decline of emergency admissions for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events after the outbreak of COVID-19",
"author": "Schwarz",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1500",
"journal-title": "Clin Res Cardiol",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.79",
"volume": "109",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01337-4",
"article-title": "Estimating global and regional disruptions to routine childhood vaccine coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020: a modelling study",
"author": "Causey",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "522",
"journal-title": "Lancet",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.80",
"volume": "398",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001029",
"article-title": "Impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on institutional delivery, neonatal admissions and prematurity: a reflection from Lagos, Nigeria",
"author": "Ezenwa",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "BMJ Paediatr Open",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.81",
"volume": "5",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1093/aje/kwad127",
"article-title": "The evolution of excess deaths in the United States during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic",
"author": "Ruhm",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1949",
"journal-title": "Am J Epidemiol",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.82",
"volume": "192",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.83",
"unstructured": "Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, World of Drug Safety Module . The adverse event. n.d. Available: www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cderworld/"
},
{
"DOI": "10.2165/00002018-200629050-00003",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.84"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijms241310514",
"article-title": "mRNA: vaccine or gene therapy? The safety regulatory issues",
"author": "Banoun",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "Int J Mol Sci",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.85",
"volume": "24",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fmed.2022.1012497",
"article-title": "RNA-based drugs and regulation: toward a necessary evolution of the definitions issued from the European Union legislation",
"author": "Guerriaud",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1012497",
"journal-title": "Front Med",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.86",
"volume": "9",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/biomedicines10071538",
"article-title": "Vaccine mRNA can be detected in blood at 15 days post-vaccination",
"author": "Fertig",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1538",
"journal-title": "Biomedicines",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.87",
"volume": "10",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.018",
"article-title": "Immune imprinting, breadth of variant recognition, and germinal center response in human SARS-Cov-2 infection and vaccination",
"author": "Röltgen",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1025",
"journal-title": "Cell",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.88",
"volume": "185",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/vaccines10071135",
"article-title": "Clinical and molecular characterization of a rare case of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine-associated myositis",
"author": "Magen",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1135",
"journal-title": "Vaccines",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.89",
"volume": "10",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/vaccines10101651",
"article-title": "A case report: multifocal necrotizing encephalitis and myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination against COVID-19",
"author": "Mörz",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1651",
"journal-title": "Vaccines",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.90",
"volume": "10",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"article-title": "Estimation of excess mortality in Germany during 2020-2022",
"author": "Kuhbandner",
"journal-title": "Cureus",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.91",
"volume": "15",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1136/bmj.o102",
"article-title": "Covid-19 vaccines and treatments: we must have raw data, now",
"author": "Doshi",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "102",
"journal-title": "BMJ",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.92",
"volume": "376",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101769",
"article-title": "Autopsies of COVID-19 deceased? Absolutely",
"author": "Sperhake",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "101769",
"journal-title": "Leg Med (Tokyo)",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.93",
"volume": "47",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00428-020-02887-5",
"article-title": "Unlocking the lockdown of science and demystifying COVID-19: how autopsies contribute to our understanding of a deadly pandemic",
"author": "Tzankov",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "331",
"journal-title": "Virchows Arch",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.94",
"volume": "477",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00414-021-02706-9",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.95"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107174",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.96"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1136/bmj.n1137",
"article-title": "Excess deaths associated with COVID-19 pandemic in 2020: age and sex disaggregated time series analysis in 29 high income countries",
"author": "Islam",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "BMJ",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.97",
"volume": "373",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"article-title": "Excess total mortality in 2021 in Italy was about one third of that observed in 2020",
"author": "Alicandro",
"first-page": "414",
"journal-title": "Med Lav",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.98",
"volume": "112",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2",
"article-title": "The WHO estimates of excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic",
"author": "Msemburi",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "130",
"journal-title": "Nature",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.99",
"volume": "613",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1126/sciadv.adf9742",
"article-title": "Monthly excess mortality across counties in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic",
"author": "Paglino",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "Sci Adv",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.100",
"volume": "9",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1001/jama.2021.5199",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.101"
},
{
"DOI": "10.15585/mmwr.mm7015a4",
"article-title": "Notes from the field: update on excess deaths associated with the COVID-19 pandemic - United States, January 26, 2020-February 27, 2021",
"author": "Rossen",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "570",
"journal-title": "MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.102",
"volume": "70",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.103",
"unstructured": "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation . Estimation of total mortality due to COVID-19. 2021. Available: http://www.healthdata.org/special-analysis/estimation-excess-mortality-due-covid-19-and-scalars-reported-covid-19-deaths"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.17359",
"article-title": "Exploring the gap between excess mortality and COVID-19 deaths in 67 countries",
"author": "Sanmarchi",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "JAMA Netw Open",
"key": "2024080103212540000_2.1.e000282.104",
"volume": "4",
"year": "2021"
}
],
"reference-count": 104,
"references-count": 104,
"relation": {},
"resource": {
"primary": {
"URL": "https://bmjpublichealth.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000282"
}
},
"score": 1,
"short-title": [],
"source": "Crossref",
"subject": [],
"subtitle": [],
"title": "Excess mortality across countries in the Western World since the COVID-19 pandemic: ‘Our World in Data’ estimates of January 2020 to December 2022",
"type": "journal-article",
"update-policy": "https://doi.org/10.1136/crossmarkpolicy",
"updated-by": [
{
"DOI": "10.1136/bmjph-2023-000282eoc",
"label": "Correction",
"source": "publisher",
"type": "correction",
"updated": {
"date-parts": [
[
2024,
6,
14
]
],
"date-time": "2024-06-14T00:00:00Z",
"timestamp": 1718323200000
}
},
{
"DOI": "10.1136/bmjph-2023-000282eoc",
"label": "Expression of concern",
"record-id": "54230",
"source": "retraction-watch",
"type": "expression_of_concern",
"updated": {
"date-parts": [
[
2024,
6,
14
]
],
"date-time": "2024-06-14T00:00:00Z",
"timestamp": 1718323200000
}
}
],
"volume": "2"
}
