Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
Top
Results
Abstract
All HCQ studies
Meta analysis
 
Feedback
Home
next
study
previous
study
c19hcq.org COVID-19 treatment researchHCQHCQ (more..)
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Antihistamines Meta
Azvudine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta

All Studies   Meta Analysis    Recent:   

Markedly Lower Rates of Coronavirus Infection and Fatality in Malaria-Endemic Regions – A Clue As to Treatment?

Mitchell et al., SSRN, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3586954
May 2020  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF   All Studies   Meta AnalysisMeta
Mortality 99% Improvement Relative Risk HCQ for COVID-19  Mitchell et al.  Prophylaxis Is pre-exposure prophylaxis with HCQ beneficial for COVID-19? Retrospective 2,400,000,000 patients in multiple countries Lower mortality with HCQ (p=0.0001) c19hcq.org Mitchell et al., SSRN, May 2020 FavorsHCQ Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
HCQ for COVID-19
1st treatment shown to reduce risk in March 2020
 
*, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 418 studies, recognized in 46 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments. * >10% efficacy, ≥3 studies.
5,000+ studies for 104 treatments. c19hcq.org
Analysis of COVID-19 amongst 2.4B people shows a wide counterintuitive disparity between well-developed and less-developed countries, with more affluent countries about one hundred times more likely to be infected and die due to COVID-19. They find the effect is most apparent when comparing to countries with the highest rates of endemic malaria. Since travelers to malaria-endemic countries are likely to be taking antimalarial prophylaxis and there is evidence of efficacy with COVID-19, authors find the data highly probative for the hypothesis that prophylactic antimalarial use by incoming visitors markedly attenuates a country’s COVID-19 fatality rate. While authors do not adjust for age differences, those adjustments can only account for a small fraction of the observed difference.
This study is excluded in the after exclusion results of meta analysis: excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
risk of death, 99.0% lower, RR 0.01, p < 0.001.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Mitchell et al., 5 May 2020, retrospective, multiple countries, preprint, 2 authors.
This PaperHCQAll
Markedly Lower Rates of Coronavirus Infection and Fatality in Malaria-Endemic Regions -A Clue to Treatment?
This comparative analysis of coronavirus infection and death among 2.4 billion persons around the world demonstrates a wide (two orders of magnitude or one hundred-fold) disparity in coronavirus fatality rates between well-developed and less-developed countries. The difference is backward or counterintuitive. The current data demonstrates the surprising fact that those in more affluent countries are about one hundred times more likely to become infected with coronavirus infection and die. This effect is most apparent when these countries are compared to countries with the highest rates of endemic malaria. It is known that the novel coronavirus, also known as COVID-19, originated in Wuhan China and is transmitted from one country to another by travelers from a coronavirus-infested area. It is also known that travelers to malaria-endemic countries are likely to be taking antimalarial prophylaxis. There is also evidence that antimalarials, notably hydroxychloroquine, may have some efficacy in the treatment of coronavirus. In light of these facts, the mortality data presented here is highly probative for the hypothesis that prophylactic antimalarial use by its incoming visitors markedly attenuates a country's coronavirus fatality rate.
Author details: Geoff
References
Ahluwalia, Brooks, Weinman, A systematic review of factors affecting adherence to malaria chemoprophylaxis amongst travelers from non-endemic countries, Malar J, doi:10.1186/s12936-020-3104-4
Benz, Ej, Disorders of Hemoglobin
Burke, Rourke, Coronavirus found in sub-Saharan Africa as WHO says spread could 'get out of control, The Guardian
Entine, Whittle, What's 'race' got to do with it? Most of sub-Saharan Africa emerges as coronavirus 'cold spot', which may offer clues to finding COVID-19 vaccine, Genetic Literacy Project
Gautret, Lagier, Raoult, Clinical and microbiological effect of a combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 patients with at least a six-day follow up: an observational study, Travel Med Infect Dis, doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101663
Gonzalez-Reiche, Hernandez, Sullivan, Introductions and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the New York City Area, doi:10.1101/2020.04.08.20056929v1
Jackson, Percent of Physicians in New Survey Would Give Anti-Malaria Drugs to Their Own Family to Treat COVID-19
Levenson, Why black Americans are at higher risk for coronavirus, CNN
Lobel, Baker, Gras, Use of malaria prevention measures by North American and European travelers to East Africa, J Travel Med
Luzzatto, Sickle Cell Anaemia and Malaria, Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis, doi:10.4084/MJHID.2012.065
Malaria, Toxoplasmosis, Babesiosis, and Other Protozoal Infections
Marmot, Friel, Bell, Houweling, Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health Commission on Social Determinants of Health, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61690-6
Mccarthy, New York coronavirus outbreak originated in Europe, new study finds COVID-19 cases in New York City were found as early as February, ABC News
Principia, Esposito, Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis of COVID-19, Lancet Infect Dis, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30296-6
Richardson, Hirsch, Davidson, Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area, JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775
Savarino, Boelaert, Cassone, Effects of chloroquine on viral infections, The Lancet Infectious Diseases
Whitehouse, Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing 2020
Younes, Egypt 'likely source' of coronavirus in Taiwan patient: doctors, Aljazeera
Zanolli, Data from US south shows African Americans hit hardest by Covid-19, The Guardian
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2022, 4, 2]], 'date-time': '2022-04-02T11:24:00Z', 'timestamp': 1648898640209}, 'reference-count': 16, 'publisher': 'Elsevier BV', 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'DOI': '10.2139/ssrn.3586954', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2020, 5, 2]], 'date-time': '2020-05-02T11:31:09Z', 'timestamp': 1588419069000}, 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Markedly Lower Rates of Coronavirus Infection and Fatality in Malaria-Endemic Regions – A Clue ' 'As to Treatment?', 'prefix': '10.2139', 'author': [{'given': 'Geoff', 'family': 'Mitchell', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '78', 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref1', 'article-title': 'Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 ' 'Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area', 'author': 'S Richardson', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA'}, { 'key': 'ref2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101663', 'article-title': 'Clinical and microbiological effect of a combination of ' 'hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 patients with at ' 'least a six-day follow up: an observational study', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'P Gautret', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Travel Med Infect Dis'}, { 'key': 'ref3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '722', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5', 'article-title': 'Effects of chloroquine on viral infections', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'A Savarino', 'year': '2003', 'journal-title': 'The Lancet Infectious Diseases'}, { 'key': 'ref4', 'article-title': '65 Percent of Physicians in New Survey Would Give Anti-Malaria Drugs to ' 'Their Own Family to Treat COVID-19', 'author': '&amp; Jackson', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'PRNewswire'}, { 'key': 'ref5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases Dashboard from The Center for Systems ' 'Science and Engineering', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1.https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6/(accessedApr22'}, { 'key': 'ref6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1661', 'DOI': '10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61690-6', 'article-title': 'Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the ' 'social determinants of health Commission on Social Determinants of ' 'Health', 'volume': '372', 'author': 'M Marmot', 'year': '2008', 'journal-title': 'Cited in Maani N, Galea S'}, { 'key': 'ref7', 'article-title': "What's 'race' got to do with it? Most of sub-Saharan Africa emerges as " "coronavirus 'cold spot', which may offer clues to finding COVID-19 " 'vaccine', 'author': 'J Entine', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Genetic Literacy Project'}, { 'key': 'ref8', 'author': 'Malaria', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 's Manual of Medicine, 20e'}, { 'key': 'ref9', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'K Mccarthy', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'New York coronavirus outbreak originated in Europe, new study finds ' 'COVID-19 cases in New York City were found as early as February'}, { 'key': 'ref10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1101/2020.04.08.20056929doi', 'volume': '2020', 'author': 'A S Gonzalez-Reiche', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Introductions and early spread of SARSCoV-2 in the New York City Area'}, { 'key': 'ref11', 'article-title': "likely source' of coronavirus in Taiwan patient: doctors", 'author': 'A Younes', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Aljazeera'}, { 'key': 'ref12', 'author': 'J Burke', 'journal-title': "Coronavirus found in sub-Saharan Africa as WHO says spread could 'get " "out of control'. The Guardian 2020"}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': 'ref13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '167', 'DOI': '10.2310/7060.2001.22206', 'article-title': 'Use of malaria prevention measures by North American and European ' 'travelers to East Africa', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'H O Lobel', 'year': '2001', 'journal-title': 'J Travel Med'}, { 'key': 'ref14', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12936-020-3104-4', 'article-title': 'A systematic review of factors affecting adherence to malaria ' 'chemoprophylaxis amongst travelers from non-endemic countries', 'volume': '19', 'author': 'J Ahluwalia', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Malar J'}, { 'key': 'ref15', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the ' 'Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing 2020'}, { 'key': 'ref16', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'India bans export of malaria drug Trump touted as coronavirus ' 'treatment'}], 'container-title': 'SSRN Electronic Journal', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 5, 12]], 'date-time': '2020-05-12T21:16:05Z', 'timestamp': 1589318165000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3586954'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2020]]}, 'references-count': 16, 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3586954', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['1556-5068'], 'subject': [], 'published-other': {'date-parts': [[2020]]}, 'container-title-short': 'SSRN Journal', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2020]]}}
Loading..
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit