Supplementary Data — Azelastine for COVID-19: real-time meta-analysis of 4 studies

@CovidAnalysis, October 2026, Version 6V6 (V1 2025)
c19early.org
October 2026

Azelastine COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Klussmann (DB RCT)66%0.34 · 0.01–7.95no recov.0/291/30CARVIN Klussmann (DB RCT)67%0.33 · 0.01–7.79no recov.0/311/30CARVIN Klussmann (DB RCT)13%0.87 · 0.57–1.33no recov.29 (n)30 (n)CARVIN Klussmann (DB RCT)−33%1.33 · 0.81–2.17no recov.31 (n)30 (n)CARVIN Klussmann (DB RCT)14%0.86 · 0.67–1.09viral load29 (n)30 (n)CARVIN Klussmann (DB RCT)7%0.93 · 0.74–1.16viral load31 (n)30 (n)CARVIN Klussmann (DB RCT)22%0.78 · 0.62–0.99viral+29 (n)30 (n)CARVIN Klussmann (DB RCT)6%0.94 · 0.77–1.15viral+31 (n)30 (n)CARVIN Meiser (DB RCT)12%0.88 · 0.64–1.20recovery122 (n)129 (n)CARVIN-II Meiser (DB RCT)6%0.94 · 0.91–0.96viral load122 (n)129 (n)CARVIN-II Meiser (DB RCT)2%0.98 · 0.97–0.99viral load122 (n)129 (n)CARVIN-II Meiser (DB RCT)1%0.99 · 0.98–1.00viral load122 (n)129 (n)CARVIN-II Meiser (DB RCT)3%0.97 · 0.96–0.98viral+122 (n)129 (n)CARVIN-II Reznikov45%0.55 · 0.32–0.94casesn/an/a Reznikov59%0.41 · 0.25–0.68casesn/an/a Reznikov29%0.71 · 0.44–1.15casesn/an/a Lehr (DB RCT)72%0.28 · 0.09–0.84symp. case4/22714/223CONTAIN Lehr (DB RCT)69%0.31 · 0.11–0.86cases5/22715/223CONTAIN Lehr (DB RCT)34%0.66 · 0.60–0.73viral time227 (n)223 (n)CONTAIN
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← Azelastine
reduces riskAzelastine
increases risk →
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.