Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as biomarkers of disease severity in COVID-19 patients
et al., Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2026.102505, Feb 2026
Analysis of 120 patients showing elevated MCP-1/CCL2 and MMP-9 expression levels in severe COVID-19 patients compared to mild cases and healthy controls.
Saleki et al., 18 Feb 2026, Iran, peer-reviewed, mean age 48.6, 6 authors.
Contact: k.saleki@mubabol.ac.ir, kiarash_saleki@sbmu.ac.ir, k-saleki@student.tums.ac.ir, kiarash_saleki@icloud.com, a.azadmehr@mubabol.ac.ir.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as biomarkers of disease severity in COVID-19 patients
Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2026.102505
Background: Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1/CCL2) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP9) in COVID-19 Patients are key immune elements that may be involved in COVID-19-induced cytokine storm. Methods: We recruited patients in three patient groups, outpatient, hospitalized, and critical ICU COVID-19 cases as well as a group consisting of healthy controls. Venous blood was collected. Following the separation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) which comprise various immune cells, total RNA extraction and cDNA generation were conducted. RT-PCR was achieved by primers exclusively designed for MMP9 and CCL2. Results: For both MMP9 and CCL2 highest expression was found in PBMCs from critical COVID-19 cases. Interestingly, a J-shaped pattern of expression was found for both genes. Conclusion: MMP9 and CCL2 could be a potential clinical biomarker for patients with COVID-19. Regulation of these immune elements may be complex and responsible mechanisms deserve further investigation.
Ethics approval The conduct of this study was authorized by Ethics Committee of Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran (IR.MUBABOL.
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