Silver Nanoparticle‐Mediated Antiviral Efficacy against Enveloped Viruses: A Comprehensive Review
Ekaterine Mosidze, Gianluigi Franci, Federica Dell'annunziata, Nicoletta Capuano, Marica Colella, Flora Salzano, Massimiliano Galdiero, Aliosha Bakuridze, Veronica Folliero
Global Challenges, doi:10.1002/gch2.202400380
Viral infections continue to pose a significant challenge to global health, with increasing resistance to conventional antiviral therapies highlighting the urgent need for alternative treatment strategies. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted attention as broad-spectrum antiviral agents due to their unique physicochemical properties and ability to target multiple stages of viral infection. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the antiviral mechanisms of AgNPs, highlighting their efficacy against clinically relevant enveloped viruses such as influenza, herpes simplex, hepatitis B, and coronaviruses. How key nanoparticle characteristics, including size, shape, surface functionalization, and synthesis methods, influence their antiviral performance is examined. Studies indicate that AgNPs exert their effects through direct interactions with viral particles, inhibition of viral adhesion, and entry into host cells with disruption of viral replication. Furthermore, their potential applications in therapeutic formulations, antiviral coatings, and nanomedicine-based strategies are explored. Despite their promise, challenges regarding cytotoxicity, stability, and large-scale production must be addressed to ensure their safe and effective clinical use. This review highlights the transformative potential of AgNPs in antiviral therapy and highlights the need for further investigation to facilitate their clinical translation in the fight against emerging and drug-resistant viral infections.
Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
Adalja, Watson, Toner, None, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol
Ahmad, Wilson, None, Int. J. Mol. Sci
Al-Sanea, Abelyan, Abdelgawad, Musa, Ghoneim et al., None, Antibiotics
Alghrair, Fernig, Ebrahimi, None, Beilstein J. Nanotechnol
Ali, Hussain, Attacha, None, Nanomaterials
Almanza-Reyes, Moreno, Plascencia-López, None, PLoS One
Altammar, None, Front. Microbiol
Ardestani, Fordoei, Abdoli, None, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med
Asmat-Campos, Rojas-Jaimes, De Oca-Vásquez, None, Nat. Res
Bailey, Choi, Fieldhouse, Borkenhagen, Zemke et al., None, Evol., Med., Public Health
Balagna, Perero, Percivalle, None, Open Ceramics
Baselga, Uranga-Murillo, De Miguel, None, Materials
Benelli, None, Enzyme Microb. Technol
Blümel, Burger, Drosten, Gröner, Gürtler et al., None, Transf. Med. Hemother
Bohlooli, Mohebipoor, Mohammadi, Kouhnavard, Pashapoor, None, Int. J. Dermatol
Borrego, Lorenzo, Mota-Morales, None, Nanomedicine
Bouvier, Palese, None, Vaccine
Bruna, Maldonado-Bravo, Jara, Caro, None, Int. J. Mol. Sci
Butler, Handy, Upton, Besinis, None, ACS Nano
Bélteky, Rónavári, Igaz, Szerencsés, Tóth et al., None, Int. J. Nanomed
Chakrabartty, Khan, Mahanta, Chopra, Dhawan et al., None, Ann. Med. Surg
Choudhary, Kumar, Dalal, None, Mater. Sci. Eng. C
Da Silva, Gramcianinov, Jorge, None, Front. Chem
Dabrowska-Bouta, Sulkowski, Gewartowska, Struzynska, None, Int. J. Mol. Sci
De Lacerda Coriolano, Barbosa De Souza, Bueno, De Fátima Ramos Dos Santos Medeiros, Lima Cavalcanti et al., None, Braz. J. Microbiol
Dhanasezhian, Srivani, Govindaraju, None, Ind. J. GeoMarine Sci
Dias, Zhang, Lammers, None, Drug Deliv. Transl. Res
Dou, Revol, Östbye, Wang, Daniels, None, Front. Immunol
Dung, Nam, Nhan, None, Mater. Res. Express
Díaz-Puertas, Rodríguez-Cañas, Bello-Perez, Fernández-Oliver, Mallavia et al., None, Nanomaterials
El-Mohamady, Ghattas, Zawrah, El-Ha, None, Int. J. Vet. Sci. Med
El-Sheekh, Mohamed, El, None, Egypt. J. Aquatic Biol. Fisheries
El-Sheekh, Shabaan, Hassan, None, Int. J. Environ. Health Res
Elechiguerra, Burt, Morones, Camacho-Bragado, Gao et al., None, J. Nanobiotechnol
Elshazly, Nasr, Elnosary, Gouda, Mohamed et al., None, Molecules
Estevan, Vilanova, Sogorb, None, Arch. Toxicol
Fatima, Zaidi, Amraiz, None, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol
Ferdous, Nemmar, None, Int. J. Mol. Sci
Flerlage, Boyd, Meliopoulos, Thomas, Schultz-Cherry, None, Nat. Rev. Microbiol
Florance, Cordani, Pashootan, None, Cell. Mol. Life Sci
Gaikwad, Ingle, Gade, None, Int. J. Nanomed
Galdiero, Falanga, Vitiello, Cantisani, Marra et al., None, Molecules
García-Serradilla, Risco, None, Virus Res
Ghattas, Dwivedi, Lavertu, Alameh, None, Vaccines
Ghosh, Sayef Ahammed, Mishra, Bhaumik, None, Chem. Asian J
Gibała, Żeliszewska, Gosiewski, Krawczyk, Duraczyńska et al., None, Biomolecules
Gupta, Hamawandi, Sheward, None, Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol
Gurunathan, Jeyaraj, Kang, Kim, None, Int. J. Mol. Sci
Guzman, Gubler, Izquierdo, None, Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers
Haggag, Elshamy, Rabeh, Gabr, Salem et al., None, Int. J. Nanomed
Hamouda, Ibrahim, Kafafy, Mashaly, Mohamed et al., None, Int. J. Biol. Macromol
Hasanin, Elbahnasawy, Shehabeldine, Hashem, None, BioMetals
He, Lu, Liu, Lu, Li et al., None, Nanomaterials
Hu, Li, Kong, Hou, Guan et al., None, Genet. Mol. Res
Hu, Sneyd, Dekant, None, Curr. Top. Med. Chem
I-N. Chen, I-H. Hsueh, Hsieh, Tzou, Chang, None, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health
Iravani, Korbekandi, Mirmohammadi, None, Res. Pharm. Sci
Jackson, Farzan, Chen, None, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol
Javanian, Barary, Ghebrehewet, Koppolu, Vasigala et al., None, J. Med. Virol
Jeevanandam, Krishnan, Hii, Pan, Chan et al., None, J. Nanostruct. Chem
Jeremiah, Miyakawa, Morita, None, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun
Joseph, Kar Mahapatra, Esmaeili, Piszczyk, Hasanin et al., None, Nanomaterials
Khan, Naureen, Javed, Khalid, Khan, None, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol
Khandelwal, Kaur, Chaubey, None, Virus Res
Kiseleva, Al, Skomorokhova, Rekstin, Bazhenova et al., None, Vaccines
Krzyzowska, Chodkowski, Janicka, Dmowska, Tomaszewska et al., None, Microorganisms
Krzyzowska, Janicka, Chodkowski, Patrycy, Obuch-Woszczatyńska et al., None, Viruses
Kumar, Nath, Parekh, None, Colloid Interface Sci. Commun
Kumar, Singaravelu, Ajithkumar, Murugan, Nicoletti et al., None, J. Cluster Sci
Kunst, Schmid, Michalski, Tümen, Buttenschön et al., None, Biomedicines
Kwiatkowska, Granicka, None, Membranes
Lam, Babra, Smith, None, Polymers
Lamas, Evariste, Houdeau, None, Environ. Pollution
Lara, Ayala-Nuñez, Ixtepan-Turrent, Rodriguez-Padilla, None, J. Nanobiotechnol
Lara, Ixtepan-Turrent, Garza Treviño, None, J. Nanobiotechnol
Lara, Ixtepan-Turrent, Garza-Treviño, Rodriguez-Padilla, None, J. Nanobiotechnol
Lee, Jun, None, Int. J. Mol. Sci
Lenhard, Gerlich, Khan, Rödl, Bökenkamp et al., None, J. Cell Biol
Leung, None, Nat. Rev. Microbiol
Li, Lin, Guo, Zhao, Xia et al., None, Int. J. Nanomed
Li, Lin, Zhao, Guo, Xu et al., None, RSC Adv
Li, Lin, Zhao, Xu, Wang et al., None, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
Liao, Li, Tjong, None, Int. J. Mol. Sci
Lin, Li, Guo, Xu, Wang et al., None, RSC Adv
Lu, Wai-Yin Sun, Chen, None, Antiviral Ther
Luceri, Francese, Lembo, Ferraris, Balagna, None, Microorganisms
Maarifi, Martin, Zebboudj, Boulay, Nouaux et al., None, Cell Chem. Biol
Manzoor, Igarashi, Takada, None, Int. J. Mol. Sci
Mcauley, Gilbertson, Trifkovic, Brown, Mckimm-Breschkin, None, Front. Microbiol
Medvedev, Bokhonov, Kiselev, None, Mater. Lett
Mehrbod, Ideris, Omar, Hair-Bejo, None, Afr. J. Microbiol. Res
Melendez, Razonable, None, Infect. Drug Resist
Merkl, Long, Mcinerney, None, Nanomaterials
Mikhailova, None, J. Funct. Biomater
Mohammed Fayaz, Ao, Girilal, None, Int. J. Nanomed
More, Pandit, Filippis, Franci, Mijakovic et al., None, Microorganisms
Mori, Ono, Miyahira, Nguyen, Matsui et al., None, Nanoscale Res. Lett
Morone, Chianese, Dell'annunziata, Folliero, Lamparelli et al., None, Microorganisms
Morozova, Manuvera, Grishchechkin, Barinov, Shevlyagina et al., None, Viruses
Morris, Ansar, Speshock, Ivanciuc, Qu et al., None, Viruses
Murugan, Dinesh, Paulpandi, Althbyani, Subramaniam et al., None, Parasitol. Res
Murugan, Panneerselvam, Subramaniam, None, Environ. Sci. Pollution Res
Murugesan, Manoharan, Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens
Naumenko, Zahorodnia, Pop, Rizun, None, J. Virus Eradic
Ngoc Dung, Thi Thu Thuy, Hau, None, Nanotechnology
Ni, Yang, Zhang, None, Front. Microbiol
Noga, Milan, Frydrych, Jurowski, None, Int. J. Mol. Sci
Orlowski, Kowalczyk, Tomaszewska, Ranoszek-Soliwoda, Wegrzyn et al., None, Viruses
Orlowski, Tomaszewska, Gniadek, Baska, Nowakowska et al., None, PLoS One
Palanisamy, Palanichamy, Vellaichamy, Perumal, Vinayagam et al., Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch
Patil, Alagarasu, Chowdhury, None, Heliyon
Peixoto, Loureiro, Henriques, None, J. Hazard. Mater
Perofsky, Huddleston, Hansen, Barnes, Rowe et al., None, medRxiv
Potter, Navratilova, Rogers, None, Environ. Sci. Nano
Qing, Cheng, Li, Liu, Zhang et al., None, Int. J. Nanomed
Rai, Deshmukh, Ingle, Gade, None, Crit. Rev. Microbiol
Ramadan, Shawkey, Rabeh, None, J. Herbal Med
Ratan, Mashrur, Chhoan, Shahriar, Haidere et al., None, Pharmaceutics
Reuter, Chen, Kropff, Peter, Britt et al., None, Viruses
Roe, None, Scand. J. Immunol
Rogers, Parkinson, Choi, Speshock, Hussain, None, Nanoscale Res. Lett
Romo-Quiñonez, Álvarez-Sánchez, Álvarez-Ruiz, None, PeerJ
Saadh, None, Arabian J. Chem
Saadh, None, Arch. Virol
Saadh, None, Int. J. Appl. Pharm
Saadh, None, Saudi J. Biol. Sci
Safo, Musayev, Mosier, Zhou, Xie et al., None, PLoS One
Salleh, Naomi, Utami, None, Nanomaterials
Sampath, Khedr, Qamar, None, Cureus
Sampathkumar, Sanniyasi, Arumugam, None, World J. Adv. Pharma. Life Sci
Seino, Imoto, Kosaka, None, MRS Adv
Seino, Ohkubo, Magara, Enomoto, Nakajima et al., None, Nanomaterials
Seitz, None, Transf. Med. Hemother
Shady, Khattab, Ahmed, Liu, Quinn et al., None, Int. J. Nanomed
Shannahan, Podila, Aldossari, Emerson, Powell et al., None, Toxicol. Sci
Sharma, Cwiklinski, Aalinkeel, None, Immunol. Invest
Sharma, Kaushik, Pandit, Dhull, Yadav et al., None, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol
Sharma, Kawatra, Sharma, None, Virus Dis
Speshock, Murdock, Braydich-Stolle, Schrand, Hussain, None, J. Nanobiotechnol
Srisrimal, Krishnan, Thirunavukkarasu, None, Lett. Appl. NanoBioSci
Srisrimal, Krishnan, Thirunavukkarasu, None, Lett. Appl. NanoBioSci
Stanisic, Cruz, Elias, None, Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol
Stru Żyńska, None, Int. J. Mol. Sci
Sujitha, Murugan, Paulpandi, Panneerselvam, Suresh et al., None, Parasitol. Res
Szymanska, Orlowski, Winnicka, Tomaszewska, Baska et al., None, Int. J. Mol. Sci
Trefry, Wooley, None, J. Biomed. Nanotechnol
Van Duijl-Richter, Hoornweg, Rodenhuis-Zybert, None, Viruses
Van Heuvel, Schatz, Rosengarten, Stitz, None, Toxins
Wan, Tai, Zhang, None, Cell Death Dis
Wang, Cui, Wu, None, J. Mater. Chem. B
Wang, Han, Xu, None, Environ. Sci. Ecotechnol
Wang, Yu, Wang, Zhou, Wu et al., None, ACS Nano
Wieler, Vittos, Mukherjee, None, Heliyon
Wilen, Tilton, Doms, None, Cold Spring. Harb. Perspect. Med
Wisskirchen, Lucifora, Michler, Protzer, None, Trends Pharmacol. Sci
Xiang, Chen, Pang, Zheng, None, J. Virol. Methods
Xiang, Zheng, Duan, None, Int. J. Nanomed
Xiong, Cao, Fang, None, Sci. Total Environ
Xu, Wang, Huang, None, Theranostics
Xuan, Ju, Skonieczna, None, MedComm
Yang, Li, Huang, None, Nanoscale
Yu, Li, Wang, Yu, Wang et al., None, Nanoscale Res. Lett
Zeedan, Abd El-Razik, Allam, None, Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci
Zhao, Pu, None, Viruses
Zhao, Wang, Li, None, Int. J. Mol. Sci
Zhu, Fan, Fodor, None, PLoS Biol
Zoulim, Lebossé, Levrero, None, Curr. Opin. Virol
DOI record:
{
"DOI": "10.1002/gch2.202400380",
"ISSN": [
"2056-6646",
"2056-6646"
],
"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gch2.202400380",
"abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Viral infections continue to pose a significant challenge to global health, with increasing resistance to conventional antiviral therapies highlighting the urgent need for alternative treatment strategies. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted attention as broad‐spectrum antiviral agents due to their unique physicochemical properties and ability to target multiple stages of viral infection. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the antiviral mechanisms of AgNPs, highlighting their efficacy against clinically relevant enveloped viruses such as influenza, herpes simplex, hepatitis B, and coronaviruses. How key nanoparticle characteristics, including size, shape, surface functionalization, and synthesis methods, influence their antiviral performance is examined. Studies indicate that AgNPs exert their effects through direct interactions with viral particles, inhibition of viral adhesion, and entry into host cells with disruption of viral replication. Furthermore, their potential applications in therapeutic formulations, antiviral coatings, and nanomedicine‐based strategies are explored. Despite their promise, challenges regarding cytotoxicity, stability, and large‐scale production must be addressed to ensure their safe and effective clinical use. This review highlights the transformative potential of AgNPs in antiviral therapy and highlights the need for further investigation to facilitate their clinical translation in the fight against emerging and drug‐resistant viral infections.</jats:p>",
"alternative-id": [
"10.1002/gch2.202400380"
],
"assertion": [
{
"group": {
"label": "Publication History",
"name": "publication_history"
},
"label": "Received",
"name": "received",
"order": 0,
"value": "2024-12-16"
},
{
"group": {
"label": "Publication History",
"name": "publication_history"
},
"label": "Published",
"name": "published",
"order": 3,
"value": "2025-03-28"
}
],
"author": [
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Pharmaceutical Technology 33 Vazha‐Pshavela Ave Tbilisi 0178 Georgia"
}
],
"family": "Mosidze",
"given": "Ekaterine",
"sequence": "first"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana” University of Salerno Via S. Allende 43 Baronissi 84081 Italy"
}
],
"family": "Franci",
"given": "Gianluigi",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana” University of Salerno Via S. Allende 43 Baronissi 84081 Italy"
}
],
"family": "Dell'Annunziata",
"given": "Federica",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana” University of Salerno Via S. Allende 43 Baronissi 84081 Italy"
}
],
"family": "Capuano",
"given": "Nicoletta",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Microbiology and Virology Unit, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Piazza G. Cesare 11 Bari 70124 Italy"
},
{
"name": "Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences (DiSTA) eCampus University Novedrate 22060 Italy"
}
],
"family": "Colella",
"given": "Marica",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana” University of Salerno Via S. Allende 43 Baronissi 84081 Italy"
}
],
"family": "Salzano",
"given": "Flora",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Experimental Medicine University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Naples Italy"
}
],
"family": "Galdiero",
"given": "Massimiliano",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Pharmaceutical Technology 33 Vazha‐Pshavela Ave Tbilisi 0178 Georgia"
}
],
"family": "Bakuridze",
"given": "Aliosha",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7406-9882",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana” University of Salerno Via S. Allende 43 Baronissi 84081 Italy"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Folliero",
"given": "Veronica",
"sequence": "additional"
}
],
"container-title": "Global Challenges",
"container-title-short": "Global Challenges",
"content-domain": {
"crossmark-restriction": true,
"domain": [
"onlinelibrary.wiley.com"
]
},
"created": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
3,
31
]
],
"date-time": "2025-03-31T05:09:28Z",
"timestamp": 1743397768000
},
"deposited": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
5,
27
]
],
"date-time": "2025-05-27T12:38:24Z",
"timestamp": 1748349504000
},
"indexed": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
5,
27
]
],
"date-time": "2025-05-27T13:10:05Z",
"timestamp": 1748351405192,
"version": "3.41.0"
},
"is-referenced-by-count": 0,
"issue": "5",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
3,
28
]
]
},
"journal-issue": {
"issue": "5",
"published-print": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
5
]
]
}
},
"language": "en",
"license": [
{
"URL": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"content-version": "vor",
"delay-in-days": 0,
"start": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
3,
28
]
],
"date-time": "2025-03-28T00:00:00Z",
"timestamp": 1743120000000
}
}
],
"link": [
{
"URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/gch2.202400380",
"content-type": "unspecified",
"content-version": "vor",
"intended-application": "similarity-checking"
}
],
"member": "311",
"original-title": [],
"prefix": "10.1002",
"published": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
3,
28
]
]
},
"published-online": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
3,
28
]
]
},
"published-print": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
5
]
]
},
"publisher": "Wiley",
"reference": [
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41579-021-00535-6",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_1_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1093/emph/eoy013",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_2_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103985",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_3_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1111/sji.12928",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_4_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/vaccines9121490",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_5_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.coviro.2016.06.004",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_6_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.tips.2014.06.004",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_7_1"
},
{
"author": "Melendez D. P.",
"first-page": "269",
"journal-title": "Infect. Drug Resist.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_8_1",
"volume": "8",
"year": "2015"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.05.009",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_9_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/pharmaceutics13122034",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_10_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3109/1040841X.2013.879849",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_11_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fmicb.2023.1155622",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_12_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.ese.2023.100325",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_13_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijms20040865",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_14_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/biom11101481",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_15_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.2147/IJN.S165125",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_16_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1021/acsnano.2c12488",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_17_1"
},
{
"author": "Lacerda Coriolano D.",
"first-page": "267",
"journal-title": "Braz. J. Microbiol.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_18_1",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijms20020449",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_19_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/jfb11040084",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_20_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1186/1477-3155-3-6",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_21_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/asia.202101149",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_22_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/molecules16108894",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_23_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/microorganisms11030629",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_24_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/jmv.26990",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_25_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41579-021-00542-7",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_26_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.039",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_27_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijms18081673",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_28_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2018.01581",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_29_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fmicb.2019.00039",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_30_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijms18122649",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_31_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0109510",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_32_1"
},
{
"author": "Hu Y.",
"first-page": "2271",
"journal-title": "Curr. Top. Med. Chem.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_33_1",
"year": "2017"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/v14102141",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_34_1"
},
{
"author": "Zhu Z.",
"first-page": "3002",
"journal-title": "PLoS Biol.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_35_1",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"author": "Blümel J.",
"first-page": "32",
"journal-title": "Transf. Med. Hemother.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_36_1",
"volume": "35",
"year": "2009"
},
{
"author": "Perofsky A. C.",
"first-page": "296",
"journal-title": "medRxiv",
"key": "e_1_2_7_37_1",
"volume": "23",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s40097-021-00465-y",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_38_1"
},
{
"author": "Mehrbod P.",
"first-page": "5715",
"journal-title": "Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_39_1",
"volume": "6",
"year": "2012"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.09.003",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_40_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1186/1556-276X-8-93",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_41_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nano13030574",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_42_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1039/C6RA18493F",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_43_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1021/acsami.6b06613",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_44_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1039/C6RA25010F",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_45_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/vaccines8040679",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_46_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3762/bjnano.10.104",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_47_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.4014/jmb.1508.08024",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_48_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nano11082076",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_49_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.035",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_50_1"
},
{
"author": "Srisrimal D.",
"journal-title": "Lett. Appl. NanoBioSci.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_51_1",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1557/adv.2016.43",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_52_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nano12173046",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_53_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.jve.2023.100330",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_54_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.2147/IJN.S53622",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_55_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/v15071500",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_56_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41580-021-00418-x",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_57_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1083/jcb.202303002",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_58_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/membranes13050464",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_59_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nano10081566",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_60_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.colcom.2021.100542",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_61_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.oceram.2020.100006",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_62_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00204-021-03187-w",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_63_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ma15144742",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_64_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.018",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_65_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nano12060990",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_66_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nano11051312",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_67_1"
},
{
"author": "Asmat‐Campos D.",
"first-page": "9772",
"journal-title": "Nat. Res.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_68_1",
"volume": "13",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/polym14194172",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_69_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nano13091467",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_70_1"
},
{
"author": "Silva D. J.",
"first-page": "1083",
"journal-title": "Front. Chem.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_71_1",
"volume": "11",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0256401",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_72_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14419",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_73_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fbioe.2022.1083232",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_74_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fbioe.2022.858156",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_75_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.matlet.2023.134557",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_76_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/v14050902",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_77_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/antibiotics10070824",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_78_1"
},
{
"author": "Srisrimal D.",
"first-page": "1",
"journal-title": "Lett. Appl. NanoBioSci.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_79_1",
"volume": "4",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijms21175969",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_80_1"
},
{
"author": "Mohammed Fayaz A.",
"first-page": "5007",
"journal-title": "Int. J. Nanomed.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_81_1",
"volume": "5",
"year": "2012"
},
{
"DOI": "10.4238/2014.March.19.2",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_82_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/microorganisms12040820",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_83_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0104113",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_84_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijms19020387",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_85_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.09.002",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_86_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/microorganisms10010110",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_87_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/v15102024",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_88_1"
},
{
"author": "Gaikwad S.",
"first-page": "4303",
"journal-title": "Int. J. Nanomed.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_89_1",
"year": "2013"
},
{
"author": "Zeedan G. S. G.",
"first-page": "433",
"journal-title": "Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_90_1",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"author": "Dhanasezhian A.",
"first-page": "1252",
"journal-title": "Ind. J. GeoMarine Sci.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_91_1",
"year": "2019"
},
{
"DOI": "10.2147/IJN.S214171",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_92_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.hermed.2019.100289",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_93_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s10534-021-00344-7",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_94_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1080/09603123.2020.1789946",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_95_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.21608/ejabf.2022.271914",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_96_1"
},
{
"author": "Seitz R.",
"first-page": "203",
"journal-title": "Transf. Med. Hemother.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_97_1",
"year": "2016"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/toxins14020138",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_98_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1101/cshperspect.a006866",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_99_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1186/1477-3155-8-1",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_100_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1186/1477-3155-8-15",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_101_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1186/1477-3155-9-38",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_102_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s10856-015-5510-7",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_103_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s10876-016-1100-1",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_104_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1080/08820139.2017.1371908",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_105_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.53346/wjapls.2022.3.2.0037",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_106_1"
},
{
"author": "Murugesan A.",
"first-page": "281",
"key": "e_1_2_7_107_1",
"volume-title": "Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens",
"year": "2019"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/nrdp.2016.55",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_108_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.08.022",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_109_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00436-015-4556-2",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_110_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00436-015-4676-8",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_111_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s11356-016-6832-9",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_112_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11879",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_113_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1088/1361-6528/ac97a2",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_114_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00253-022-12298-y",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_115_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/v7072792",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_116_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00253-018-9488-1",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_117_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.msec.2020.110934",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_118_1"
},
{
"author": "Sharma Y.",
"first-page": "250",
"journal-title": "Virus Dis.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_119_1",
"volume": "32",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1177/135965350801300210",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_120_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.2147/IJN.S233766",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_121_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s11671-008-9128-2",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_122_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1186/1477-3155-8-19",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_123_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1166/jbn.2013.1659",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_124_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.virusres.2014.06.011",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_125_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1039/C5NR07918G",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_126_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/v11080732",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_127_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.nano.2016.01.021",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_128_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijerph13040430",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_129_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41419-019-1624-z",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_130_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103899",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_131_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1088/2053-1591/ab6ad8",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_132_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198444",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_133_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.071",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_134_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/molecules28031375",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_135_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00705-022-05667-5",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_136_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.22159/ijap.2023v15i6.48963",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_137_1"
},
{
"author": "Iravani S.",
"first-page": "385",
"journal-title": "Res. Pharm. Sci.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_138_1",
"volume": "6",
"year": "2014"
},
{
"author": "Palanisamy J.",
"journal-title": "Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_139_1",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.2147/IJN.S185965",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_140_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1039/C8EN00958A",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_141_1"
},
{
"author": "Xiong S.",
"first-page": "775",
"journal-title": "Sci. Total Environ.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_142_1",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijms22137202",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_143_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1093/toxsci/kfu217",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_144_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.7150/thno.45413",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_145_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/microorganisms11020369",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_146_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/biomedicines11051388",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_147_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126793",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_148_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1021/acsnano.2c07924",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_149_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fmicb.2022.1048216",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_150_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1039/D2TB02756A",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_151_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121795",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_152_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijms21072375",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_153_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijms242015386",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_154_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijms20184439",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_155_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1186/s11671-020-03344-7",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_156_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijms232113013",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_157_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00018-024-05199-y",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_158_1"
},
{
"author": "Sampath S.",
"journal-title": "Cureus.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_159_1",
"volume": "13",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"author": "Adalja A. A.",
"first-page": "1",
"journal-title": "Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_160_1",
"volume": "424",
"year": "2019"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/v10100524",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_161_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.2147/IJN.S155994",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_162_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijms24065133",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_163_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03159.x",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_164_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s13346-024-01716-5",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_7_165_1"
},
{
"author": "Romo‐Quiñonez C. R.",
"journal-title": "PeerJ",
"key": "e_1_2_7_166_1",
"volume": "2020",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"author": "Xuan L.",
"journal-title": "MedComm.",
"key": "e_1_2_7_167_1",
"year": "2023"
}
],
"reference-count": 167,
"references-count": 167,
"relation": {},
"resource": {
"primary": {
"URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/gch2.202400380"
}
},
"score": 1,
"short-title": [],
"source": "Crossref",
"subject": [],
"subtitle": [],
"title": "Silver Nanoparticle‐Mediated Antiviral Efficacy against Enveloped Viruses: A Comprehensive Review",
"type": "journal-article",
"update-policy": "https://doi.org/10.1002/crossmark_policy",
"volume": "9"
}
