Prevalence of post-COVID symptoms across variants of concern and follow-up periods: A systematic review and meta-analysis
et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108522, PROSPERO CRD42024566180, Mar 2026
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 35 studies (n = 159,000) showing that post-COVID condition remains prevalent across SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, with an overall pooled prevalence of 28.5%. Pre-Omicron variants had significantly higher post-COVID prevalence (35.5%) compared to Omicron (22.8%).
Lugtu et al., 10 Mar 2026, USA, peer-reviewed, 12 authors, trial PROSPERO CRD42024566180.
Contact: cesar.fernandez@urjc.es, knotart1@jmi.edu.
Abstract:
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
International Journal of Infectious Diseases
journal
homepage:
www.elsevier.com/locate/ijid
Prevalence of post-COVID symptoms across variants of concern and follow-up periods: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Eiron John Lugtu 1 , # , Delfin Ynigo Pilapil IV 1 , # , Mikhail Harvey Cabunoc 1 , Joshua Lawrence Bautista 1 , Francis Matthew Pleta 1 , Jeremy Ace Ng 2 , Farid Shahid 3 , Timothy Hudson David Culasino Carandang 4 , 5 , Giuseppe Lippi 6 , Brandon Michael Henry 7 , César Fernández-de-las-Peñas 8 , ∗ , Kin Israel Notarte 9 , ∗∗
1 Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
2 College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
3 National Institute of Neurological Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
4 Research Development Unit, Dr. Paulino J. Garcia Memorial Research and Medical Center, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
- 5 Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
6 Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- 7 Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio, USA
- 8 Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
9 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history: Received 7 February 2026 Revised 1 March 2026
Accepted
5 March 2026
Keywords: Post-COVID PASC SARS-CoV-2 variants Symptomatology
a b s t r a c t
Objectives: The interaction between SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoC) and post-COVID symptom duration remains unexplored. This is the first study to evaluate post-COVID prevalence stratified by VoC and follow-up periods.
Methods: Six databases were searched (12/2019-12/2024) for studies of adults with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 and symptoms lasting ≥ 3 months. Data were stratified by VoC (Alpha through Omicron) and follow-up ( < 6 vs ≥ 6 months) to estimate pooled prevalence using random-effects models.
Results: Pooled prevalence across 35 studies ( n = 159,0 0 0) was 28.5% (95% CI: 21.6-36.0), higher in preOmicron (35.5%) than Omicron (22.8%) eras ( P = 0.04). Symptoms persisted beyond 6 months in 29.9% of cases. Fatigue was the most prevalent symptom across all VoCs and follow-ups followed by brain fog, dyspnea, and sleep impairment. Pre-Omicron variants were linked to dyspnea and anosmia, while Omicron was associated with brain fog and paresthesia. Most symptoms showed no significant reduction beyond 6 months. Sleep problems were higher in early pre-Omicron cohorts but improved over time; conversely, palpitations and ocular manifestations increased in later pre-Omicron follow-ups.
Conclusion: Post-COVID condition remains a burden despite vaccination. Distinct symptomatology patterns across VoC and timelines highlight the need for tailored management strategies to mitigate longterm global impacts.
© 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
[( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
∗ Corresponding author: Dr. César Fernández-de-las-Peñas,..
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