The structure and function of membrane protein in coronavirus infection and its applications in the development of vaccines and therapeutic drugs

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.3389/fmicb.2026.1762041", "ISSN": [ "1664-302X" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1762041", "abstract": "<jats:p>Coronaviruses have long posed significant harm to human and animal health, causing a variety of diseases. The membrane (M) protein of coronaviruses is one of the four major structural proteins and a key component of the viral structure, playing an important role in viral assembly, budding, and immunomodulation. In this paper, we systematically reviewe the structural and functional characteristics of the M protein, including its three transmembrane domains, N-terminal glycosylation and C-terminal oligomerization domain. In terms of function, we focus on the mechanistic roles of the M protein in viral envelope formation and the nucleocapsid packaging, as well as the newly discovered immune evasion strategy of regulating host innate immune signaling pathways. In addition, we also summarize the applications of M protein in preventing and controlling coronavirus infection and mitigating its adverse effects.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "10.3389/fmicb.2026.1762041" ], "article-number": "1762041", "author": [ { "affiliation": [ { "name": "College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang", "place": [ "Chongqing, China" ] } ], "family": "Jiang", "given": "Shengnan", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang", "place": [ "Chongqing, China" ] } ], "family": "Yuan", "given": "Jianbo", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang", "place": [ "Chongqing, China" ] } ], "family": "Li", "given": "Qingyang", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang", "place": [ "Chongqing, China" ] } ], "family": "Song", "given": "Ziyan", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Rongchang Vocational Education Center", "place": [ "Chongqing, China" ] } ], "family": "Cao", "given": "Lijing", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang", "place": [ "Chongqing, China" ] }, { "name": "Immunology Research Center, Institute of Medical Research, Southwest University", "place": [ "Chongqing, China" ] } ], "family": "Song", "given": "Zhenhui", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang", "place": [ "Chongqing, China" ] }, { "name": "Immunology Research Center, Institute of Medical Research, Southwest University", "place": [ "Chongqing, China" ] } ], "family": "Zhang", "given": "Xingcui", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Frontiers in Microbiology", "container-title-short": "Front. Microbiol.", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": true, "domain": [ "frontiersin.org" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 2, 18 ] ], "date-time": "2026-02-18T06:56:46Z", "timestamp": 1771397806000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 2, 18 ] ], "date-time": "2026-02-18T06:56:48Z", "timestamp": 1771397808000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 2, 18 ] ], "date-time": "2026-02-18T07:31:10Z", "timestamp": 1771399870997, "version": "3.50.1" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 2, 18 ] ] }, "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 2, 18 ] ], "date-time": "2026-02-18T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1771372800000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1762041/full", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "1965", "original-title": [], "prefix": "10.3389", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 2, 18 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 2, 18 ] ] }, "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.04.001", "article-title": "N-linked protein glycosylation in the ER.", "author": "Aebi", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2430", "journal-title": "Biochim. 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