Indomethacin, a drug with known antiviral activity against SARS-CoVs neglected during the COVID-19 pandemic

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.37349/emed.2026.1001392", "ISSN": [ "2692-3106" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001392", "abstract": "<jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">At the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, due to the lack of guidance from evidence-based medicine on how to treat the infected patients, the medical class faced significant difficulties, not only with the unknown infection but also with the great number of cases. This led to a great number of hospitalizations and deaths. It would have been necessary to try drugs already available on the market, which might be effective against SARS-CoV-2. This is a short review of studies in the scientific literature dealing with the use of indomethacin as an antiviral drug against SARS-CoVs. We revised studies taken from the scientific literature in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, ResearchGate, Google Scholar etc., describing the effects of indomethacin as an antiviral drug against SARS-CoVs. To search for studies, we used the keywords: SARS-CoV, off-label drug, pandemic emergence, repurposed drug, Absence of EBM, Antiviral, Indomethacin, and Mechanisms. Among the studies reviewed, there is an interesting experimental study, published in 2006 by an Italian group, which considered the problem at the time of the previous SARS-CoV epidemic, that clearly demonstrated an antiviral effect of indomethacin, both in vitro and in vivo, against SARS-CoV. Two other studies, both clinical, one retrospective observational, and the other a prospective randomized trial comparing indomethacin with paracetamol, also showed good effects of indomethacin in the treatment of patients with COVID-19. On the basis of these notices, we wonder why, in such an emergency situation, indomethacin was not taken into consideration and was not tried in the treatment of COVID-19.</jats:p>", "accepted": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 3, 5 ] ] }, "article-number": "1001392", "assertion": [ { "group": { "label": "Publication History", "name": "publication_history" }, "label": "Received", "name": "received", "order": 0, "value": "2025-12-05" }, { "group": { "label": "Publication History", "name": "publication_history" }, "label": "Accepted", "name": "accepted", "order": 1, "value": "2026-03-05" }, { "group": { "label": "Publication History", "name": "publication_history" }, "label": "Published Online", "name": "published", "order": 2, "value": "2026-03-24" } ], "author": [ { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2743-9836", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Retired Professor of Department of Internal Medicine, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Fazio", "given": "Serafino", "sequence": "first" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4365-6814", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Scientific Committee of Foundation “Allineare Sanità e Salute”, 20131 Milan, Italy" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Donzelli", "given": "Alberto", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5086-3504", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Independent Researcher, 37100 Verona, Italy" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Bellavite", "given": "Paolo", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Exploration of Medicine", "container-title-short": "Explor Med", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 3, 25 ] ], "date-time": "2026-03-25T00:58:23Z", "timestamp": 1774400303000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 3, 25 ] ], "date-time": "2026-03-25T00:58:26Z", "timestamp": 1774400306000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 3, 25 ] ], "date-time": "2026-03-25T01:51:04Z", "timestamp": 1774403464145, "version": "3.50.1" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 3, 24 ] ] }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 3, 24 ] ], "date-time": "2026-03-24T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1774310400000 } } ], "member": "21850", "original-title": [], "prefix": "10.37349", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 3, 24 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 3, 24 ] ] }, "publisher": "Open Exploration Publishing", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1001/jama.1992.03490170092032", "article-title": "Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Evidence-based medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2420", "journal-title": "JAMA", "key": "ref1", "volume": "268", "year": "1992" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/cancers15010066", "article-title": "Using Evidence-Based Medicine to Support Clinical Decision-Making in RMS", "author": "Phillips", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Cancers (Basel)", "key": "ref2", "volume": "15", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.anpede.2025.503930", "article-title": "Evidence-based medicine: 5 steps to navigate uncertainty", "author": "Martín-Masot", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "An Pediatr (Engl Ed)", "key": "ref3", "volume": "103", "year": "2025" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/molecules29235564", "article-title": "Navigating the COVID-19 Therapeutic Landscape: Unveiling Novel Perspectives on FDA-Approved Medications, Vaccination Targets, and Emerging Novel Strategies", "author": "Barghash", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Molecules", "key": "ref4", "volume": "29", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/emermed-2020-210098", "article-title": "Evidence-based medicine and COVID-19: what to believe and when to change", "author": "Carley", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "572", "journal-title": "Emerg Med J", "key": "ref5", "volume": "37", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fphar.2020.588132", "article-title": "The Regulatory Challenges for Drug Repurposing During the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Italian Experience", "author": "Gozzo", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Front Pharmacol", "key": "ref6", "volume": "11", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.13105/wjma.v8.i3.173", "article-title": "COVID-19: Off-label therapies based on mechanism of action while waiting for evidence-based medicine recommendations", "author": "Scotto", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "173", "journal-title": "World J Meta-Anal", "key": "ref7", "volume": "8", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1155/2023/4562974", "article-title": "In Silico Models for Anti-COVID-19 Drug Discovery: A Systematic Review", "author": "Onyango", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci", "key": "ref8", "volume": "2023", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41586-023-05905-z", "article-title": "Computational approaches streamlining drug discovery", "author": "Sadybekov", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "673", "journal-title": "Nature", "key": "ref9", "volume": "616", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105788", "article-title": "In-silico screening and in-vitro assay show the antiviral effect of Indomethacin against SARS-CoV-2", "author": "Chakraborty", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Comput Biol Med", "key": "ref10", "volume": "147", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1177/135965350601100803", "article-title": "Indomethacin has a potent antiviral activity against SARS coronavirus", "author": "Amici", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1021", "journal-title": "Antivir Ther", "key": "ref11", "volume": "11", "year": "2006" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s40199-022-00446-8", "article-title": "A comparison between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV2: an update on current COVID-19 vaccines", "author": "Abdolmaleki", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "379", "journal-title": "Daru", "key": "ref12", "volume": "30", "year": "2022" }, { "key": "ref13", "unstructured": "Indomethacin has a potent antiviral activity against SARS CoV-2 in vitro and canine coronavirus in vivo. bioRxiv 2020.04.01.017624 [Preprint]. 2020 [cited 2026 Jan 9]. Available from: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.017624v1" }, { "key": "ref14", "unstructured": "Indomethacin in Covid-19 [Internet]. ICR (UK) Limited t/a International Medical Information (IMI); [cited 2025 Aug 11]. Available from: https://medicalupdateonline.com/2020/05/indomethacincovid19/" }, { "DOI": "10.5455/IJMRCR.LOW-DOSE-INDOMETHACIN", "article-title": "Low dose indomethacin for symptomatic treatment of COVID-19", "author": "Rajah", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "69", "journal-title": "Int J Med Rev Case Rep", "key": "ref15", "volume": "4", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s13760-021-01790-3", "article-title": "Indomethacin for refractory COVID or post-COVID headache: a retrospective study", "author": "Krymchantowski", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "465", "journal-title": "Acta Neurol Belg", "key": "ref16", "volume": "122", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.12659/MSM.936292", "article-title": "A Review of the Potential Roles of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Pharmacological Approaches for the Management of Mild-to-Moderate Symptomatic COVID-19", "author": "Fazio", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Med Sci Monit", "key": "ref17", "volume": "28", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ijms21114084", "article-title": "Redox-Modulating Agents in the Treatment of Viral Infections", "author": "Checconi", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Int J Mol Sci", "key": "ref18", "volume": "21", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.07.002", "article-title": "Anti-SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease effects of Isatis indigotica root and plant-derived phenolic compounds", "author": "Lin", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "36", "journal-title": "Antiviral Res", "key": "ref19", "volume": "68", "year": "2005" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.apsb.2020.02.008", "article-title": "Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods", "author": "Wu", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "766", "journal-title": "Acta Pharm Sin B", "key": "ref20", "volume": "10", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109957", "article-title": "Is hesperidin essential for prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19 Infection?", "author": "Haggag", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Med Hypotheses", "key": "ref21", "volume": "144", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2020.01451", "article-title": "Quercetin and Vitamin C: An Experimental, Synergistic Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Related Disease (COVID-19)", "author": "Colunga", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Front Immunol", "key": "ref22", "volume": "11", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1590/0074-02760200207", "article-title": "Flavonoid glycosides and their putative human metabolites as potential inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)", "author": "da Silva", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz", "key": "ref23", "volume": "115", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1097/MD.0000000000024544", "article-title": "Effect of low-dose aspirin on mortality and viral duration of the hospitalized adults with COVID-19", "author": "Liu", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Medicine (Baltimore)", "key": "ref24", "volume": "100", "year": "2021" }, { "article-title": "Prevention of gastroduodenal damage with omeprazole in patients receiving continuous NSAIDs treatment. A double blind placebo controlled study", "author": "Bianchi", "first-page": "43", "journal-title": "Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol", "key": "ref25", "volume": "30", "year": "1998" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.09.016", "article-title": "Molecular mechanisms of gastrointestinal protection by quercetin against indomethacin-induced damage: role of NF-κB and Nrf2", "author": "Carrasco-Pozo", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "289", "journal-title": "J Nutr Biochem", "key": "ref26", "volume": "27", "year": "2016" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.fct.2020.111896", "article-title": "Pretreatment of IEC-6 cells with quercetin and myricetin resists the indomethacin-induced barrier dysfunction via attenuating the calcium-mediated JNK/Src activation", "author": "Fan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Food Chem Toxicol", "key": "ref27", "volume": "147", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.12659/MSM.935379", "article-title": "Retrospective Study of Outcomes and Hospitalization Rates of Patients in Italy with a Confirmed Diagnosis of Early COVID-19 and Treated at Home Within 3 Days or After 3 Days of Symptom Onset with Prescribed and Non-Prescribed Treatments Between November 2020 and August 2021", "author": "Fazio", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Med Sci Monit", "key": "ref28", "volume": "27", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41598-022-10370-1", "article-title": "An open label randomized clinical trial of Indomethacin for mild and moderate hospitalised Covid-19 patients", "author": "Ravichandran", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Sci Rep", "key": "ref29", "volume": "12", "year": "2022" }, { "key": "ref30", "unstructured": "Indomethacin for COVID-19: real-time meta-analysis of 4 studies [Internet]. CovidAnalysis; [cited 2025 Aug 14]. Available from: https://c19early.org/inmeta.html" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113814", "article-title": "Indomethacin-based PROTACs as pan-coronavirus antiviral agents", "author": "Desantis", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Eur J Med Chem", "key": "ref31", "volume": "226", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/v13040558", "article-title": "In Vitro Assessment of the Antiviral Activity of Ketotifen, Indomethacin and Naproxen, Alone and in Combination, against SARS-CoV-2", "author": "Kiani", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Viruses", "key": "ref32", "volume": "13", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/14787210.2022.1990756", "article-title": "Indomethacin: an exploratory study of antiviral mechanism and host-pathogen interaction in COVID-19", "author": "Shekhar", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "383", "journal-title": "Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther", "key": "ref33", "volume": "20", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116202", "article-title": "Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of first-in-class indomethacin-based PROTACs degrading SARS-CoV-2 main protease and with broad-spectrum antiviral activity", "author": "Desantis", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Eur J Med Chem", "key": "ref34", "volume": "268", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00316", "article-title": "Repurpose Open Data to Discover Therapeutics for COVID-19 Using Deep Learning", "author": "Zeng", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "4624", "journal-title": "J Proteome Res", "key": "ref35", "volume": "19", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.isci.2023.107631", "article-title": "Combating pan-coronavirus infection by indomethacin through simultaneously inhibiting viral replication and inflammatory response", "author": "Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "iScience", "key": "ref36", "volume": "26", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jve.2024.100387", "article-title": "Indomethacin inhibits human seasonal coronaviruses at late stages of viral replication in lung cells: Impact on virus-induced COX-2 expression", "author": "Tramontozzi", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "J Virus Erad", "key": "ref37", "volume": "10", "year": "2024" }, { "key": "ref38", "unstructured": "Covid-19, nuova circolare del Ministero aggiorna le linee guida per le cure domiciliari [Internet]. Ministero della Salute; [cited 2025 Jul 22]. Available from: https://www.salute.gov.it/new/it/news-e-media/notizie/covid-19-nuova-circolare-del-ministero-aggiorna-le-linee-guida-le-cure/" }, { "article-title": "Indomethacin", "author": "Hvidberg", "first-page": "388", "journal-title": "Nord Med", "key": "ref39", "volume": "75", "year": "1966" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.021", "article-title": "Management of Acute and Recurrent Pericarditis: JACC State-of-the-Art Review", "author": "Chiabrando", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "76", "journal-title": "J Am Coll Cardiol", "key": "ref40", "volume": "75", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1053/ejvs.1999.0820", "article-title": "The influence of indomethacin on the metabolism and cytokine secretion of human aneurysmal aorta", "author": "Franklin", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "35", "journal-title": "Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg", "key": "ref41", "volume": "18", "year": "1999" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jama.2018.1896", "article-title": "Association of Placebo, Indomethacin, Ibuprofen, and Acetaminophen With Closure of Hemodynamically Significant Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis", "author": "Mitra", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1221", "journal-title": "JAMA", "key": "ref42", "volume": "319", "year": "2018" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02356-5", "article-title": "Indomethacin with or without prophylactic pancreatic stent placement to prevent pancreatitis after ERCP: a randomised non-inferiority trial", "author": "Elmunzer", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "450", "journal-title": "Lancet", "key": "ref43", "volume": "403", "year": "2024" }, { "key": "ref44", "unstructured": "Munjal A, Allam AE. Indomethacin" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/cmi.12446", "article-title": "Inhibition of viral protein translation by indomethacin in vesicular stomatitis virus infection: role of eIF2α kinase PKR", "author": "Amici", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1391", "journal-title": "Cell Microbiol", "key": "ref45", "volume": "17", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/0014-5793(95)00057-g", "article-title": "The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin, as an inhibitor of HIV replication", "author": "Bourinbaiar", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "85", "journal-title": "FEBS Lett", "key": "ref46", "volume": "360", "year": "1995" }, { "article-title": "Effect of indomethacin on the antiviral and priming effect of interferon", "author": "Rosztóczy", "journal-title": "Acta Virol", "key": "ref47", "volume": "22", "year": "1978" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41144.x", "article-title": "Effects of indomethacin on viral replication markers in asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial", "author": "Bahrami", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "856", "journal-title": "Am J Gastroenterol", "key": "ref48", "volume": "100", "year": "2005" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/003655200750023020", "article-title": "The effect of indomethacin on hepatitis B virus replication in chronic healthy carriers", "author": "Kapicioğlu", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "957", "journal-title": "Scand J Gastroenterol", "key": "ref49", "volume": "35", "year": "2000" }, { "DOI": "10.7150/ijms.51935", "article-title": "Perspective Adjunctive Therapies for COVID-19: Beyond Antiviral Therapy", "author": "Ho", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "314", "journal-title": "Int J Med Sci", "key": "ref50", "volume": "18", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/bcp.15281", "article-title": "Immunomodulatory effects of pharmaceutical opioids and antipyretic analgesics: Mechanisms and relevance to infection", "author": "Abdel", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "3114", "journal-title": "Br J Clin Pharmacol", "key": "ref51", "volume": "88", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09910", "article-title": "Variations of SARS-CoV-2 in the Iranian population and candidate putative drug-like compounds to inhibit the mutated proteins", "author": "Mortezaei", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Heliyon", "key": "ref52", "volume": "8", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s10928-020-09690-4", "article-title": "Model based approach for estimating the dosage regimen of indomethacin a potential antiviral treatment of patients infected with SARS CoV-2", "author": "Gomeni", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "189", "journal-title": "J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn", "key": "ref53", "volume": "47", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/ijcp.13535", "article-title": "Indomethacin and resveratrol as potential treatment adjuncts for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19", "author": "Marinella", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Int J Clin Pract", "key": "ref54", "volume": "74", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.31730/osf.io/9g7tv", "article-title": "Indomethacin in COVID-19, more than just NSAID", "author": "Sorour", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "ScienceOpen Preprints", "key": "ref55", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.m1185", "article-title": "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and covid-19", "author": "Little", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "BMJ", "key": "ref56", "volume": "368", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1042/BJ20111236", "article-title": "The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin activates the eIF2α kinase PKR, causing a translational block in human colorectal cancer cells", "author": "Brunelli", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "379", "journal-title": "Biochem J", "key": "ref57", "volume": "443", "year": "2012" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/ddr.21794", "article-title": "Targeting cyclooxygenase enzyme for the adjuvant COVID-19 therapy", "author": "Prasher", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "469", "journal-title": "Drug Dev Res", "key": "ref58", "volume": "82", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41598-021-88313-5", "article-title": "Network pharmacology approach to decipher signaling pathways associated with target proteins of NSAIDs against COVID-19", "author": "Oh", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Sci Rep", "key": "ref59", "volume": "11", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.7554/eLife.59177", "article-title": "A mechanistic model and therapeutic interventions for COVID-19 involving a RAS-mediated bradykinin storm", "author": "Garvin", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Elife", "key": "ref60", "volume": "9", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s11033-021-06333-w", "article-title": "COVID-19: imbalance of multiple systems during infection and importance of therapeutic choice and dosing of cardiac and anti-coagulant therapies", "author": "Haybar", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2917", "journal-title": "Mol Biol Rep", "key": "ref61", "volume": "48", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.vph.2020.106826", "article-title": "A new storm on the horizon in COVID-19: Bradykinin-induced vascular complications", "author": "McCarthy", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Vascul Pharmacol", "key": "ref62", "volume": "137", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s40495-021-00257-6", "article-title": "Indomethacin: Can It Counteract Bradykinin Effects in COVID-19 Patients?", "author": "Alkotaji", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "102", "journal-title": "Curr Pharmacol Rep", "key": "ref63", "volume": "7", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1161/01.hyp.7.6.1017", "article-title": "Inhibition of the kallikrein-kinin system and vascular reactivity in Bartter's syndrome", "author": "Rodriguez-Portales", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1017", "journal-title": "Hypertension", "key": "ref64", "volume": "7", "year": "1985" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/molecules26123772", "article-title": "Computational Insights on the Potential of Some NSAIDs for Treating COVID-19: Priority Set and Lead Optimization", "author": "Abo", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Molecules", "key": "ref65", "volume": "26", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/coatings10080761", "article-title": "Traditional Herbal Remedies with a Multifunctional Therapeutic Approach as an Implication in COVID-19 Associated Co-Infections", "author": "Tiwari", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Coatings", "key": "ref66", "volume": "10", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s10787-023-01309-7", "article-title": "Ibuprofen, other NSAIDs and COVID-19: a narrative review", "author": "Laughey", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2147", "journal-title": "Inflammopharmacology", "key": "ref67", "volume": "31", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ejim.2021.11.003", "article-title": "Anticoagulant therapy for COVID-19: What we have learned and what are the unanswered questions?", "author": "Giannis", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "13", "journal-title": "Eur J Intern Med", "key": "ref68", "volume": "96", "year": "2022" } ], "reference-count": 68, "references-count": 68, "relation": {}, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/em/Article/1001392" } }, "score": 1, "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [], "subtitle": [], "title": "Indomethacin, a drug with known antiviral activity against SARS-CoVs neglected during the COVID-19 pandemic", "type": "journal-article", "update-policy": "https://doi.org/10.37349/open_exploration_crossmark_policy", "volume": "7" }