COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 4,169 studies
Analysis of 69 COVID-19 early treatments,
approvals in 105 countries, database of
7,610 treatments
Gertner | 137 patient colchicine late treatment RCT: 65% lower ICU admission (p=0.11), 43% improved recovery (p=0.14), 34% lower need for oxygen therapy (p=0.34), and 20% shorter hospitalization (p=0.13) |
Wang | In Vitro study showing that calcitriol minimizes platelet aggregation mediated by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein via inhibiting integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in.. |
Zafar Nayak Snehasis | In Silico study showing that the phytochemicals longifolene and thymohydroquinone from nigella sativa may be suitable alternatives to.. |
Irfan | In Silico study showing that quercetin binds strongly to the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) and may be a potential inhibitor of viral replication... |
Xu | 4,922 patients metformin prophylaxis PSM: 52% lower mortality (p=0.01), 54% lower ventilation (p=0.007), and 72% lower ARDS (p=0.04) |
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations.
0.6% of treatments show efficacy.
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations.
0.6% of treatments show efficacy.
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All clinical results for selected treatments. 0.6% of treatments show efficacy.
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Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. |
LATE TREATMENT | ||||||
Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | MortalityDeath | ||
Dr. David Uip (*) | Brazil | 2,200 | 38.6% (850) | Ref. | 2.5% (54) | Ref. |
EARLY TREATMENT - 40 physicians/teams | ||||||
Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | ImprovementImp. | MortalityDeath | ImprovementImp. |
Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli 0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days |
Peru | 1,265 | 0.6% (7) | 77.5% | ||
Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam patients up to 84 years old |
Bangladesh | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge | Nigeria | 310 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Raja Bhattacharya up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities |
India | 148 | 1.4% (2) | 44.9% | ||
Dr. Flavio Cadegiani | Brazil | 3,450 | 0.1% (4) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Alessandro Capucci | Italy | 350 | 4.6% (16) | 88.2% | ||
Dr. Shankara Chetty | South Africa | 8,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Deborah Chisholm | USA | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Ryan Cole | USA | 400 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Marco Cosentino vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better |
Italy | 392 | 6.4% (25) | 83.5% | 0.3% (1) | 89.6% |
Dr. Jeff Davis | USA | 6,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Dhanajay | India | 500 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed | USA | 20,000 | 0.0% (6) | 99.9% | 0.0% (4) | 99.2% |
Dr. Raphael Furtado | Brazil | 170 | 0.6% (1) | 98.5% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Rabbi Yehoshua Gerzi | Israel | 860 | 0.1% (1) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Heather Gessling | USA | 1,500 | 0.1% (1) | 97.3% | ||
Dr. Ellen Guimarães | Brazil | 500 | 1.6% (8) | 95.9% | 0.4% (2) | 83.7% |
Dr. Syed Haider | USA | 4,000 | 0.1% (5) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Mark Hancock | USA | 24 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Sabine Hazan | USA | 1,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Mollie James | USA | 3,500 | 1.1% (40) | 97.0% | 0.0% (1) | 98.8% |
Dr. Roberta Lacerda | Brazil | 550 | 1.5% (8) | 96.2% | 0.4% (2) | 85.2% |
Dr. Katarina Lindley | USA | 100 | 5.0% (5) | 87.1% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Ben Marble | USA | 150,000 | 0.0% (4) | 99.9% | ||
Dr. Edimilson Migowski | Brazil | 2,000 | 0.3% (7) | 99.1% | 0.1% (2) | 95.9% |
Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana | Saudi Arabia | 2,733 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Carlos Nigro | Brazil | 5,000 | 0.9% (45) | 97.7% | 0.5% (23) | 81.3% |
Dr. Benoit Ochs | Luxembourg | 800 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Ortore | Italy | 240 | 1.2% (3) | 96.8% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Valerio Pascua one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen |
Honduras | 415 | 6.3% (26) | 83.8% | 0.2% (1) | 90.2% |
Dr. Sebastian Pop | Romania | 300 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Brian Proctor | USA | 869 | 2.3% (20) | 94.0% | 0.2% (2) | 90.6% |
Dr. Anastacio Queiroz | Brazil | 700 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Didier Raoult | France | 8,315 | 2.6% (214) | 93.3% | 0.1% (5) | 97.6% |
Dr. Karin Ried up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63 |
Turkey | 237 | 0.4% (1) | 82.8% | ||
Dr. Roman Rozencwaig patients up to 86 years old |
Canada | 80 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Vipul Shah | India | 8,000 | 0.1% (5) | 97.5% | ||
Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho | Brazil | 116 | 8.6% (10) | 77.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Unknown | Brazil | 957 | 1.7% (16) | 95.7% | 0.2% (2) | 91.5% |
Dr. Vladimir Zelenko | USA | 2,200 | 0.5% (12) | 98.6% | 0.1% (2) | 96.3% |
Mean improvement with early treatment protocols | 238,381 | HospitalizationHosp. | 94.4% | MortalityDeath | 94.9% |
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to
no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment
bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations
and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent
with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant
reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the
use of multiple treatments in combination.
Gertner | 137 patient late treatment RCT: 65% lower ICU admission (p=0.11), 43% improved recovery (p=0.14), 34% lower need for oxygen therapy (p=0.34), and 20% shorter hospitalization (p=0.13) |
Wang | In Vitro study showing that calcitriol minimizes platelet aggregation mediated by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein via inhibiting integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in.. |
Dong | Retrospective 52 COVID-19 patients showing that patients with severe/critical disease had lower levels of vitamin D and autophagy markers ATG7 and.. |
Sobczak | Meta analysis: 44% lower mortality (p=0.02), 27% lower ICU admission (p=0.02), and 21% lower need for oxygen therapy (p=0.07) |
Ochoa-Ramírez | Retrospective 292 COVID-19 patients finding that haplotype TC of the FokI and TaqI vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms was associated with.. |
Zafar Nayak Snehasis | In Silico study showing that the phytochemicals longifolene and thymohydroquinone from nigella sativa may be suitable alternatives to.. |
Irfan | In Silico study showing that quercetin binds strongly to the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) and may be a potential inhibitor of viral replication... |
Ho | Review of quercetin and its derivatives for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Authors discuss molecular docking evidence showing quercetin and.. |
Xu | 4,922 patients prophylaxis PSM: 52% lower mortality (p=0.01), 54% lower ventilation (p=0.007), and 72% lower ARDS (p=0.04) |
Plowman | Review of the potential of metformin for preventing inflammatory complications and infectious diseases including COVID-19. Authors discuss evidence.. |
Zhou | Meta analysis of 6 RCTs with 4,711 total participants showing significantly lower clinical deterioration and hospitalization with fluvoxamine.. |
Pakotiprapha | In Vitro study showing cytotoxicity of N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), the active metabolite of molnupiravir, at concentrations relevant to therapeutic.. |
Gruber | Analysis of 38 COVID-19 outpatients treated with molnupiravir showing significantly increased SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity and complexity compared.. |
Nicoliche | In Vitro study showing antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of curcumin and curcuminoids in SARS-CoV-2 infected SH-SY5Y human.. |
Kali | Review of curcumin for COVID-19. Authors discuss the molecular mechanisms of COVID-19 pathogenesis and the properties and mechanisms of action of.. |
Holubovska | 285 patient late treatment RCT: 86% lower mortality (p=0.25), 75% lower progression (p=0.03), 9% faster improvement (p=0.01), and 89% higher hospital discharge (p=0.12) |
Sagar | Retrospective 73 COVID-19 outpatients and 219 matched controls showing a significantly higher rate of cerebral microbleeds on MRI in COVID-19.. |
Zhang | In Vitro study showing that the SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.87.1 lineage efficiently enters human cells but is more sensitive to neutralization by antibodies.. |
Jin | Review of zinc for the immune system and COVID-19. Zinc is an essential trace element that plays a critical role in the immune system, immune cell.. |
Varnaseri | 110 patient late treatment RCT: 82% lower ventilation (p=0.02), 83% lower ICU admission (p=0.0004), 33% shorter hospitalization (p=0.001), and 28% faster recovery (p<0.0001) |
Kingsley | 400 patient early treatment RCT: 89% lower mortality (p=0.06), 78% fewer combined hospitalization/ER visits (p=0.02), 87% lower hospitalization (p=0.01), and 87% improvement (p=0.01) |
Brechot | Review of nitazoxanide as a potential treatment for COVID-19. Authors highlight nitazoxanide's unique mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting.. |
Solera | 1,975 patients prophylaxis: 26% lower severe cases (p=0.48) |
Chacin-Bonilla | Review of the potential therapeutic effects of melatonin on viral infections, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Authors highlight melatonin's.. |
Thomas | In Silico study showing that andrographolide derivatives (PubChem CID 2734589 and 138968421) are potential dual inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2.. |
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
May 17 |
et al., Molecular Biomedicine, doi:10.1186/s43556-024-00183-1 | Effects of different treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus on mortality of coronavirus disease from 2019 to 2021 in China: a multi-institutional retrospective study |
52% lower mortality (p=0.01), 54% lower ventilation (p=0.007), and 72% lower ARDS (p=0.04). Retrospective 4,922 COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes in China, showing lower mortality with metformin and alpha-glucosidase inhibitor treatment and higher mortality with insulin treatment. | ||
May 16 |
et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0300512 | The efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis from randomized controlled trials |
Meta analysis of 6 RCTs with 4,711 total participants showing significantly lower clinical deterioration and hospitalization with fluvoxamine treatment for COVID-19. Fluvoxamine doses ≥200mg daily were more effective than lower doses. The.. | ||
May 15 |
et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-024-09387-w | Phytoconstituents of Artemisia Annua as potential inhibitors of SARS CoV2 main protease: an in silico study |
In Silico study showing that quercetin binds strongly to the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) and may be a potential inhibitor of viral replication. Authors screened 25 compounds from Artemisia annua and found that quercetin had one of the.. | ||
May 15 |
et al., Cell Biochemistry and Function, doi:10.1002/cbf.4039 | 1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 attenuates platelet aggregation potentiated by SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein via inhibiting integrin αIIbβ3 outside‐in signaling |
In Vitro study showing that calcitriol minimizes platelet aggregation mediated by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein via inhibiting integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling. Authors find that calcitriol reduces platelet aggregation and Src-mediated sig.. | ||
May 13 |
et al., ASPET 2024 Annual Meeting Abstract - Toxicology, doi:10.1124/jpet.212.937140 | Molnupiravir Active Metabolite–N4 hydroxycytidine causes Cytotoxicity to Mammalian Cells In Vitro |
In Vitro study showing cytotoxicity of N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), the active metabolite of molnupiravir, at concentrations relevant to therapeutic doses of molnupiravir in COR-L23 and HepG2 cancer cell lines, and compared with cytotoxicity.. | ||
May 10 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61662-7 | Antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of curcumin and curcuminoids in SH-SY5Y cells infected by SARS-CoV-2 |
In Vitro study showing antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of curcumin and curcuminoids in SARS-CoV-2 infected SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Authors found that the curcuminoid Me23 significantly decreased expression.. | ||
May 10 |
et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms25105190 | Anti-Inflammatory Potential of the Anti-Diabetic Drug Metformin in the Prevention of Inflammatory Complications and Infectious Diseases Including COVID-19: A Narrative Review |
Review of the potential of metformin for preventing inflammatory complications and infectious diseases including COVID-19. Authors discuss evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggesting metformin may help prevent symptoms of CO.. | ||
May 9 |
et al., Frontiers in Pharmacology, doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1388348 | Vitamin D level in COVID-19 patients has positive correlations with autophagy and negative correlations with disease severity |
Retrospective 52 COVID-19 patients showing that patients with severe/critical disease had lower levels of vitamin D and autophagy markers ATG7 and BECN1 compared to those with mild or moderate disease. Vitamin D levels had a significant n.. | ||
May 7 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu16101402 | Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Severe COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials |
44% lower mortality (p=0.02), 27% lower ICU admission (p=0.02), and 21% lower need for oxygen therapy (p=0.07). Meta analysis of 13 RCTs for severe COVID-19 showing lower ICU admission and lower COVID-19 mortality with vitamin D treatment. Other outcomes show lower risk with treatment but without statistical significance. Authors conclude that it i.. | ||
May 6 |
et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.29642 | Molnupiravir increases SARS‐CoV‐2 genome diversity and complexity: A case‐control cohort study |
Analysis of 38 COVID-19 outpatients treated with molnupiravir showing significantly increased SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity and complexity compared to 17 patients treated with tixagevimab/cilgavimab. Molnupiravir increased the mutation rat.. | ||
May 4 |
et al., Global Journal of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Biomedical Update, doi:10.25259/GJMPBU_78_2023 | Curcumin as a Promising Therapy for COVID-19: A Review |
Review of curcumin for COVID-19. Authors discuss the molecular mechanisms of COVID-19 pathogenesis and the properties and mechanisms of action of curcumin. Curcumin exhibits antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 by interfering with viral .. | ||
May 3 |
et al., Open Forum Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofae233 | The DARPin antiviral ensovibep for non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19: Results from EMPATHY, a randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 2 study |
89% lower mortality (p=0.06), 78% fewer combined hospitalization/ER visits (p=0.02), 87% lower hospitalization (p=0.01), and 87% improvement (p=0.01). RCT 407 mild to moderate COVID-19 outpatients showing faster viral clearance, lower risk of hospitalization/ER visits, and shorter time to sustained recovery with ensovibep treatment (75/225/600mg single infusion). There were 2 COVID-19 r.. | ||
May 3 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57424-0 | Comparing vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in rs11568820, rs7970314, rs4334089 between COVID-19 patients with mild and severe symptoms: a case control study |
Case control study of 176 COVID-19 patients showing the TT genotype of the rs11568820 vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphism was associated with a lower risk of severe COVID-19 requiring hospitalization. No significant differences were fou.. | ||
Apr 30 |
et al., Medical Research Archives, doi:10.18103/mra.v12i4.5252 | Nitazoxanide in the Treatment of COVID-19: A paradigm for Antiviral Drugs Targeting Host-Infected Cells |
Review of nitazoxanide as a potential treatment for COVID-19. Authors highlight nitazoxanide's unique mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in host cells, thereby lowering cellular ATP cont.. | ||
Apr 30 |
et al., Heliyon, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30080 | Therapeutic Implications of Quercetin and its Derived-products in COVID-19 Protection and Prophylactic |
Review of quercetin and its derivatives for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Authors discuss molecular docking evidence showing quercetin and its derivatives can bind to multiple SARS-CoV-2 proteins including the main protease, spike.. | ||
Apr 30 |
et al., Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences, doi:10.5812/jjhs-146703 | Ivermectin as a Potential Addition to the Limited Anti-COVID-19 Arsenal: A Double-Blinded Clinical Trial |
82% lower ventilation (p=0.02), 83% lower ICU admission (p=0.0004), 33% shorter hospitalization (p=0.001), and 28% faster recovery (p<0.0001). Double-blind RCT 110 hospitalized moderate to severe COVID-19 patients showing significantly reduced ICU admission, shorter hospitalization, faster resolution of symptoms, and improved CRP and LDH levels with ivermectin treatment compared.. | ||
Apr 29 |
et al., Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science, doi:10.1007/s43441-024-00633-6 | The Effect of Antihyperglycemic Medications on COVID-19: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review from Observational Studies |
34% lower mortality (p<0.0001), 35% lower severe cases (p=0.002), and 23% lower hospitalization (p=0.02). Meta analysis of 56 studies showing lower mortality and hospitalization with metformin, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and SGLT-2 inhibitors in COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes, while insulin was associated with increased risks. | ||
Apr 29 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-58532-7 | Cheminformatics approach to identify andrographolide derivatives as dual inhibitors of methyltransferases (nsp14 and nsp16) of SARS-CoV-2 |
In Silico study showing that andrographolide derivatives (PubChem CID 2734589 and 138968421) are potential dual inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 methyltransferases nsp14 and nsp16, which are crucial for viral replication and evading host immune r.. | ||
Apr 28 |
et al., MDPI AG, doi:10.20944/preprints202404.1825.v1 | In Silico Comparative Analysis of Ivermectin and Nirmatrelvir Inhibitors Interacting with the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease |
In Silico study showing that ivermectin and nirmatrelvir interact with the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). Authors used molecular docking and 100ns molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the binding interactions. Nirmatrelvir form.. | ||
Apr 28 |
et al., International Journal of Immunogenetics, doi:10.1111/iji.12674 | Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms role in COVID‐19 severity: Results of a Mexican patients’ cohort |
Retrospective 292 COVID-19 patients finding that haplotype TC of the FokI and TaqI vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms was associated with an increased risk of critical COVID-19. | ||
Apr 27 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.04.26.24306354 | Vitamin D, acute respiratory infections, and Covid-19: the curse of small-size randomised trials. A critical review with meta-analysis of randomised trials |
Unregistered meta analysis cherry-picking the ICU outcome and including 9 late treatment RCTs with ICU outcomes for vitamin D. It's unclear why ICU risk would be used when there are more studies reporting mortality which is also less subj.. | ||
Apr 26 |
et al., BMC Pulmonary Medicine, doi:10.1186/s12890-024-03013-w | Retinol and retinol binding protein 4 levels and COVID-19: a Mendelian randomization study |
Mendelian randomization study suggesting a causal association between retinol and related proteins (RBP4, RDH16, CRABP1) and COVID-19. The study found that genetically-predicted higher retinol levels were associated with lower COVID-19.. | ||
Apr 26 |
et al., Journal of Proteins and Proteomics, doi:10.1007/s42485-024-00136-w | Targeting COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease through phytochemicals of Albizia lebbeck: molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, MM–PBSA free energy calculations, and DFT analysis |
In Silico study showing potential benefits of quercetin and other phytochemicals from Albizia lebbeck as SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) inhibitors. Using molecular docking, the authors identified four promising compounds: vicenin 2, myri.. | ||
Apr 25 |
et al., BMC Oral Health, doi:10.1186/s12903-024-04246-1 | Oral mouthwashes for asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic adults with COVID-19 and salivary viral load: a randomized, placebo-controlled, open-label clinical trial |
RCT 90 low-risk asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients showing no significant difference in salivary viral load with cetylpyridinium chloride or on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash. Both treatments increased Ct valu.. | ||
Apr 24 |
et al., Public Health Nutrition, doi:10.1017/S1368980024000934 | The role of vitamin D in outcomes of critical care in COVID-19 patients: Evidence from an umbrella meta-analysis of interventional and observational studies |
58% lower mortality (p=0.05). Umbrella meta analysis of 13 meta analyses showing significantly lower mortality with vitamin D supplementation, and significantly higher mortality, infection risk, and severity with vitamin D deficiency in COVID-19 patients. Lower vitami.. | ||
Apr 24 |
et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v16050665 | Exploring the Antiviral Potential of Esters of Cinnamic Acids with Quercetin |
In Vitro study showing that esters of cinnamic acids with quercetin, particularly ester 7, inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and hCoV-OC43 coronavirus infection in Vero-76 and Vero E6 cells. Mechanism of action studies suggest ester 7 may inhibit corona.. | ||
Apr 23 |
et al., Immunity, Inflammation and Disease, doi:10.1002/iid3.1262 | Comparison of effectiveness and safety of molnupiravir versus sotrovimab for COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis |
Meta analysis of 13 studies involving 16,166 patients showing higher mortality and higher incidence of adverse events with molnupiravir compared with sotrovimab. | ||
Apr 22 |
et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0300441 | Bioinformatics and system biology approaches to determine the connection of SARS-CoV-2 infection and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma |
In Silico study suggesting that quercetin and tetrandrine are potential treatments for COVID-19 and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Authors identify 70 shared differentially expressed genes between COVID-19 and ICC, indicating simi.. | ||
Apr 22 |
et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v16040647 | Back to the Basics of SARS-CoV-2 Biochemistry: Microvascular Occlusive Glycan Bindings Govern Its Morbidities and Inform Therapeutic Responses |
Review of the biochemical underpinnings of the severe morbidities of COVID-19, focusing on the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) to sialylated glycans on host cell surfaces. Authors highlight how the SP attaches particularly ti.. | ||
Apr 20 |
et al., BMC Pulmonary Medicine, doi:10.1186/s12890-024-03001-0 | The role of colchicine in the management of COVID-19: a meta-analysis |
65% lower mortality (p=0.01), 60% lower ventilation (p=0.09), 71% lower ICU admission (p=0.08), and 93% lower need for oxygen therapy (p<0.0001). Systematic review and meta-analysis of 8 studies (4 RCTs) involving 16,488 COVID-19 patients showed significantly lower mortality and need for oxygen therapy with colchicine. | ||
Apr 19 |
et al., Molecular Neurodegeneration, doi:10.1186/s13024-024-00728-6 | Melatonin: a ferroptosis inhibitor with potential therapeutic efficacy for the post-COVID-19 trajectory of accelerated brain aging and neurodegeneration |
Review of melatonin as a potential ferroptosis inhibitor for the post-COVID-19 trajectory of accelerated brain aging and neurodegeneration. Authors propose that ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death triggered by lipid peroxidation, ma.. | ||
Apr 19 |
et al., Melatonin Research, doi:10.32794/mr112500168 | Melatonin and viral infections: A review focusing on therapeutic effects and SARS-CoV-2 |
Review of the potential therapeutic effects of melatonin on viral infections, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Authors highlight melatonin's potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties, which suggest its.. | ||
Apr 19 |
et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1385591 | The nutritional roles of zinc for immune system and COVID-19 patients |
Review of zinc for the immune system and COVID-19. Zinc is an essential trace element that plays a critical role in the immune system, immune cell function, and cell signaling. Authors discuss the importance of zinc in human health, zinc .. | ||
Apr 18 |
et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4180797/v1 | The selective effect of Ivermectin on different human coronaviruses; in-vitro study |
In Vitro study showing dose-dependent inhibition of wildtype and omicron SARS-CoV-2 with 0.5-5μM ivermectin. Authors found no significant effect for alphacoronavirus NL63 and a moderate effect for betacoronavirus OC43. In contrast, iverme.. |
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for
COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes
more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific
outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all
treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies.
Of the 4,169 studies,
2,171 present results comparing with a control group,
1,975 are treatment studies, and
196 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are
67 animal studies,
145 in silico studies,
240 in vitro studies,
261 reviews,
and 184 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments.
c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from
thousands of papers. Community updates
help ensure high accuracy.
Treatments and other interventions are complementary.
All practical, effective, and safe
means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis.
No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current
and future variants.
We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication,
consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details
of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH
provide treatment protocols.
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